H 
THE UPNOR ELEPHANT 
wider than in the recent elephants ; it is concave and slopes away towards the outer 
side, which is at a considerable lower level than the inner facet. In the form of 
this facet our tibia differs considerably from that of the Mammoth and resembles 
a tibia ascribed to E. antiquus by Leith Adams, 1874, pi. xix, figs. 11, 11 a, 12, 12a). 
On the other hand, the distal articulation seems more like that seen in the 
Mammoth, particularly in the straightness of its anterior border. In our fossil, 
however, the borders are somewhat abraded, so that it is difficult to be sure of its 
exact shape. The astragalar surface is wider from before backwards than in any 
specimen with which comparison has been made, but it comes nearest to what 
occurs in E. africanus. The concavity of the astragalar facet is continuous and 
not very strongly marked. The angle which the nearly flat fibular face makes 
with that for the astragalus is about 130°. The internal malleolus is relatively 
larger than in either of the recent species. The shaft is so much crushed that 
it does not admit of exact comparison, but on the whole seems to have been 
more slender than in a tibia (B.M. 40134) ascribed to E. antiquus or than in 
the Mammoth. 
The dimensions of the left tibia are : 
mm. 
Greatest length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020 
Greatest width of proximal end, from side to side . . . . . . 281 
Greatest width of proximal end, from before backwards . . . . 183 
Greatest width of distal articulation . . . . . . . . 230 
Width of surface for the astragalus . . . . . . . . . . 153 
Width of the middle of the shaft . . . . . . . . about 150 
The distal end of the right tibia measures 250 mm. across, but this is exagge- 
rated by cracks and adherent matrix. 
Fibula. — The fibula of the left side is complete except for two or three inches 
towards the upper end of the shaft ; that on the right side is represented by the 
distal expansion only. The bone widens out a little towards its upper end and 
bears a well-defined facet for union with the tibia. The distal end is massive and 
bears the usual facets for the tibia, astragalus, and calcaneum. The form of these 
surfaces is much as in E. africanus. 
The dimensions of the fibula are : 
mm. 
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 
Width of distal end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 
Hind-foot. 
Of the hind-foot the following bones are preserved : astragalus (right and left), 
calcaneum (right and left), navicular (right), cuboid (right and left), entocuneiform 
(right), ectocuneiform (right and left), metatarsal II (right and left), metatarsal III 
(left), metatarsal V (left). 
