8 
THE UPNOR ELEPHANT 
semicircle. The facets for the trapezium, trapezoid, and magnum form a continuous 
curved surface as in the Maltese specimens described by Leith Adams. This 
articular surface does not extend nearly so far up the outer face of the bone as 
in E. primigenius and E. africanus, or even as in E. maximus (see PI. Ill, figs, i b, 
i c, id) ; the surface of the magnum seems to have been a small one. The lower 
lunar facet (//.) makes a right angle with that for the trapezoid ( tz .) ; it is deep, 
particularly towards the anterior border of the bone. In E. antiquus recki it is 
shown by Dietrich to be longer and narrower, as it also is in E. africanus and 
E. primigenius. It is much more similar to the same facet on the scaphoid of 
E. maximus, and indeed the whole lower end of the bone is very similar to what is 
seen in that species, except that the surface of the magnum is smaller ; in this it 
approaches E. antiquus recki. The posterior border of the bone is nearly straight, 
much as in E. africanus and E. antiquus recki ; the whole bone seems to be broader 
in proportion to its length than in any other species, especially at its upper end. 
Probably in this and the other bones of the foot the range of individual variation 
is considerable. 
The dimensions of the scaphoid are : 
mm. 
Greatest length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 
Greatest width of proximal end . . . . . . . . . . 106 
Greatest width of distal end . . . . . . . . . . 138 
Length of long axis of radial facet . . . . . . . . . . 78 
Length of short axis of radial facet . . . . . . . . . . 53 
Length of trapezoidal facet . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 
The Lunar (PI. Ill, figs. 2 a and $a ). — In this bone the facet for the radius 
(right) occupies nearly the whole upper surface ; it is concave from before back- 
wards posteriorly and concave in the same direction in front. The small ulnar 
facet (u.) is oval in outline and truncates the antero-external corner of the bone, 
making an angle of about 90° with the radial facet. In E. primigenius (PL III, 
fig. 2 b) the angle is more obtuse, while in E. africanus (PL III, fig. 2 d) it looks 
more backwards and is relatively larger. The outer border of the ulnar facet forms 
a continuous line with the outer border of the radial facet, and is not sharply 
deliminated by a notch as in E. antiquus recki, according to Dietrich’s figure 
(1924, pi. iii, fig. 9). 
The ventral (distal) surface for the magnum is convex from before backwards 
in front and concave in the same direction behind. In front the lunar is consider- 
ably wider than the magnum upon which it rests, so that on the inner side 
it slightly overlaps the trapez.oid, and on the outer the cuneiform. Posteriorly it 
narrows considerably, so that an area of the postero-internal side of the magnum 
is left free for articulation with the scaphoid, and at its postero-external angle it is 
overlapped by the cuneiform. The interlocking of the central bones of the carpus 
is thus somewhat complex ; the upper surface of the magnum being completely 
covered in front by the lunar, which extends on to the trapezoid and unciform, 
