6 
THE UPNOR ELEPHANT 
• The Radius. — The upper end of the radius is much like that of the radius of 
E. maximus ; its anterior border is nearly straight, and the outer end of the 
humeral surface terminates in a point on the outer edge of the outer lobe of the 
humeral surface of the ulna. The inner surface uniting with the inner lobe of 
the ulna is rounded. The radial surface for the inner trochlea of the humerus seems 
to be relatively larger than in the recent elephants. It is slightly concave from 
before backwards and makes an angle of about 130° with the surface for the outer 
trochlea, which also is slightly concave from before backwards. On the posterior 
face of the shaft is a large roughened boss of bone fitting into a corresponding 
fossa on the front of the ulna. The shaft of the radius is slender in its upper third, 
then it widens outwards towards the distal end, terminating in a club-shaped mass 
bearing the surfaces for the scaphoid and inner part of the lunar. This distal 
expansion seems to be relatively larger than in the recent elephants. The shaft 
and distal extremity are too much crushed for useful comparison with the radii 
of other species. 
The approximate dimensions of the right radius are : 
The Ulna. — Only the left ulna was found. This was nearly complete, wanting 
only a portion of the shaft immediately above the distal articulation, part of which 
is likewise missing. Since, however, the right radius is complete, the ulna can be 
restored with confidence, at least so far as its length is concerned. 
The whole bone is remarkable for its great massiveness in proportion to its 
length ; in this respect it seems to surpass the ulnae of other species of Elephas 
and approximates to the conditions seen in some species of Mastodon. Its apparent 
massiveness may perhaps be partly accounted for by the crushing that the bone 
has undergone. Falconer and Leith Adams have both commented on the relative 
stoutness of the limbs of Elephas antiquus ; probably it is the natural result of the 
enormous bulk attained by this species. 
The olecranon process is very large ; it terminates in a rugose tuberosity which 
rises a little above the upper angle of the humeral articulation and turns a little 
outwards ; its inner angle is broken away. The upper limb of the articular surface 
for the humerus is not very strongly concave from above downwards, and, as usual, 
is slightly convex from side to side. The outer of the two lower limbs of the 
humeral articulation is considerably smaller than the inner, and is much as in 
E . maximus. As noted above, the articular surface for the humerus formed by the 
united radius and ulna must have been nearly straight in front ; it is gently convex 
in the middle and slopes away from the median ridge towards its inner and outer 
borders in accordance with the form of the distal articulation of the humerus 
described above. Beneath the articular surface the anterior face of the bone is 
mm. 
Length 
Width of upper articulation from side to side 
Width of upper articulation from before back 
Greatest width at the distal end 
990 
175 
108 
197 
