108 
The Queensland Naturalist August, 1938 
abundant. (When growing on flat ground, and particu- 
larly when at all sheltered, this species forms shapely 
small trees or tall single-stemmed shrubs.) Between the 
trees and shrubs is a dense growth of Themeda australis 
(kangaroo grass) with occasionally other smaller plants. 
Vincetoxicum sarmentomm and a variety of Parsonsia 
longifolia scramble over the rocks in less grassy places, 
while the somewhat fleshy herb, Lobelia anceps, with its 
pale blue flowers occupies the crevices. 
On the tops of the headlands is usually developed a 
low scrub with the seaward side shorn by the force of the 
wind (fig. 2). The plants are mostly dense, usually dark 
green shrubs, 6-10 feet high or so, usually with small, often 
narrow (ericoid) leaves. Among those present are 
Petalostigma quadriloculare, Leucopogon Richei, Ricino- 
carpus pinifolius, Phebalium woombye and Banksm in - 
tegrifolia. . In open patches between the edge of the scrub 
and the edge of the cliff is usually a low growth of 
Trachymene ericoides, very stunted Phebalium woombye , 
and stunted kangaroo grass. On the hills arising behind, 
the scrub becomes more open and Callitris columeUaris 
(cypress pine) and Tristania confcrta (scrub box) enter 
into the community with Banksm (as trees) and the 
Callitris tending to form separate stands. Under the 
often dense canopy is developed a characteristic ground 
vegetation, of which the most characteristic plants are a 
dwarf grasstree, Xanthorrkoea sp., the sedges Lepido- 
sperma later ale, Track ystylis foliosa, Cy perns cnervis, C. 
stradbroJcensis, and Schoenus ericetorum var. ornithopo- 
dioides, and the grasses, Paspalidium flavidum and a tall, 
broad-leaved form of Cymbopogon refractus (barb-wire 
grass). Where the Banksia dominates the slopes, a more 
open canopy is produced, and the shrubs tend to dis- 
appear. The grass thickens, predominantly kangaroo grass 
and barb-wire grass, with Eulalia argentea , D'igitaria 
parviflora, Eriachne Muelleri, E. rara, the sedges 
Cyperus leiocaulon , Scleria Benthamii and forms of 
Fimbristylis dichotoma , Centranthera hispida and 
Mitrasacm.e alsinoides. 
On still higher ground and on many slopes sheltered 
from the sea-breezes normal Eucalyptus forest develops. 
The chief trees are Eucalyptus gummifera (bloodwood), 
E. micrantha (scribbly gum), E. paniculata (grey iron- 
bark), and Casuarina suberosa (forest she-oak), sometimes 
with Tristania suaveolens (swamp mahogany), Acacia 
Cunninghamii (wattle), Alphitonia excelsa ■ (red ash), 
and, near .the highest parts, Eucalyptus carnea (red 
stringy-bark) . Kangaroo grass usually forms the greater 
