§8 The Queensland Naturalist November, 1940 
Canavalia obtusifolia (occasionally in the former zone) 
in places, with more or less scattered Lept urus repens and 
Stephania her nanclii folia. All of these are creeping or 
rambling plants. 
I. At spring tide mark also is developed a more or 
less broken line of small usually bushy trees, comprising 
Hibiscus tiliaceus, Thespesia populnea, Myoporum ellipti- 
cum , Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Vitex Negundo (usually 
as a ragged shrub), Excoecaria Agallocha, and an occa- 
sional Pandanus pedunculotus. The northern end is 
treeless; elsewhere the line is dense in some places, broken 
in others. The Sporobolus zone persists under the trees 
except in the densest shade where it is very open, and 
small communities of Peperomia lept ost achy a may occur 
on any rocks present. Where there is no rock, Commehina 
cyanea , Oplismenus undid at if alius , and Gy perns enervis 
sometimes occur, with Tetragonia expansa in less densely 
shaded places. Grimm pedunculatum occurs occasionally. 
J. Further inland, extending throughout the island 
and reaching spring tide mark in places through gaps in 
the tree-line occur two communities. In one, Lantana 
camara, with or without S mil -ax australis , forms dense 
thickets, occasionally with Cyperus enervis underneath. 
Through the thickets arise a few groups or scattered in- 
dividuals of the small trees Hibiscus tiliaceus, Cupaniopsis 
anacardioides , an occasional Pandanus pedunculotus, and, 
in the north, a few trees of Acacia C unninghamii. On the 
edge of the thickets, or within them, Mo car art ga tanarius 
is very common as fairly young plants up to 8 feet or so 
high. 
K. In the openings between the thickets is a more or 
less close vegetation ol Rkynchelytrum repens (red natal 
grass), Imperata cylindrica var.„ Koenigii (blady grass), 
Digit aria longiflora, Agropyron scab rum, Cymbopogon 
refract us (barb-wire grass), Erigeron crispus, Sonchus 
oleraceus, Bidens pilosa , Dianella caerulea, and clumps of 
prickly pear ( Opuntia inermis), the latter also occurring 
in the openings at and near high-water mark in the 
Sesuvium and Sporobolus zones. 
Throughout the island there occur the climbing plants 
Cissus opaca, Cayratia clematidea, Rub us parvifolius, 
Ipomoea cairica, Eustrephus latifolius, and occasional 
Smilax australis. The rootless and leafless parasite 
Cassytha glabella is very common. The Cissus, Cayratia, 
