THE SUBSTITUTE. 
43 
slu<r^isb but pretty Selene and 
Evphrosyne, the stron<i -winged 
A()laia and Theda Rubi and 
Quercvs, llie latter sometimes dif- 
ficult to capture on account of its 
flying high amongst tbe oaks. In 
the same category, among tlic 
birch, may be placed Breplia No- 
tha ; that beautiful moth Hippar- 
vhvs Papiiionarius is to be ob- 
tained from the alder; from tbe 
alder, too, the caterpillar of that 
scarce moth Geometra Sublunaria 
is to be sought; I reared three 
from larvae obtained from the alder 
growing on Rockliff Moss. At 
Tarn Wadling, near to Barren 
Wood, I captured Rusnula flying 
in the middle of the day. JacobecCy 
which although also a day flyer, 
is classed among tbe Nocluina, as 
are also the Lilhosice ; yet I have 
seen a Lithosia (either Complana 
or ComplamUu) tly on an after- 
noon about tbe tops of oak in 
Wetheral Wood, as strong on the 
wing as a Theda Quercvs. In 
one of my excursions to Barren 
Wood having obtained more ca- 
terpillars than my larva boxes 
would hold, I had recourse to my 
moth boxes, and put two caterpil- 
lars, of what I considered Cera- 
pacha riclens, into it. On taking 
the lid of! to give them air they 
endeavoured to escape, and when 
one had his head on the edge of 
the box the other clambered over 
him and bit him on the back of 
his head ; a greenish liquid oozed 
from the puncture, and the 
wounded larva dropped to the 
bottom of the box; watching his 
death I forgot his aggressive bro- 
ther, and he escaped. At other 
times when I have had many ca- 
terpillars in one box, on opening 
it I have found the mutilated 
remains of some, proving that 
certain caterpillars are carnivo- 
rous. Hybernating larva; I have 
experienced difficulty in rearing ; 
and after many ineffectual at- 
tempts to rear the Lasiocampa 
Rubi in ray heather and oak feed- 
ing-cages I have tried another 
system. Having captured a dozen 
caterpillars on Houghton Moss, I 
brought some peat dust from the 
same place, and half filling a 
small wooden box with it I put 
the larva; in (having first perfo- 
rated the lid for air-holes), and 
placed the box in a cupboard 
aliutliug on the kitchen flue, and 
between Christmas and the end of 
Jiintiary nine moths came out, six 
perfect insects and three cripples; 
the larvae were ftill-sized when I 
look them about the beginning of 
October. With the larva of Cos- 
sus Lipniperda I have been emi- 
nently successful. I had a tin 
box made (the lid also well perfo- 
rated with holes) and half tilled it 
with sawdust; three full-fed Cos- 
sus larva; were put in, and the box 
was placed on a shelf in the kit- 
chen where a fire is kept, and in 
due course of time three fine 
moths emerged from the sawdust 
in perfect condition. I have 
never had a failure with a full-fed 
Cossus. Those that are found 
crossing a road are generally full 
fed. With regard to the colour of 
the larva: of Apatela Leporina, all 
that I have seen in their early 
stages were while; those of a yel- 
low colour were in their last stage 
and ready to change; and so con- 
vinced did I become of this, that 
when I captured a yellow-haired 
Leporina I placed it in my pupa 
box without loud, and seldom 
failed in rearing it. Sometimes 
