THE SUBSTITUTE; 
Or, Entomological Exchange Facilitator, and 
Entomologist’s Fire-side Companion. 
>No. 7.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1856. [Price 2d. 
WINTER WORK. 
>Many young collectors think 
itbat when winter conies there is 
• mo more to be done out of doors. 
I IWe used to think so too once, but 
ywe have learned that it is a great 
. iiuiistake ; and although the idea 
t '.that out-door employment ceases 
"when the net is laid aside is not 
; HO prevalent as it used to be, yet 
ccollectors are not sufficiently im- 
ppressed with the necessity of 
^searching during the winter for 
f) linseets that they will not get half 
<so easily otherwise. 
By Lepidopterists hosts of pupae 
tare to be obtained by digging 
yjentbj at the roots of trees, and at 
tthe bottom of fences and walls, 
irhe stooping necessary often 
imakes the back ache, but the 
pprizes gained make the heart 
pjlad. There is a pleasure in 
Cuming out a pupa that must be 
1 .bit to be appreciated. When you 
! aave dug round the tree, see if 
tbhere be any loose bark upon it, 
ilf so, there is probably a pupa 
\rt there; it may be in a cocoon: 
t Een see if there be any thick 
moss on the trunk or the spread- 
ing roots ; ten to one there are 
some Bomhyces laid up under it. 
You search a tree in this way and 
possibly find nothing; go on to 
the next, and the next, nothing 
disheartened, remembering that, 
according to the doctrine of 
chances, it could be mathematically 
demonstrated that the longer you 
are unsuccessful the greater the 
probability of your ultimate good 
fortune. If you shake carefully 
over a sheet of paper the moss you 
have scraped off the tree you will 
be likely to find some small pupa3 
or hybernating larvae ; more fre- 
quently the latter are discovered 
in moss growing on the ground, 
especially among underwood. You 
may vary your employment and 
rest your back by looking on pop- 
lars, willows and alders, for the 
hard cocoons of the Cerura, hard 
to see as well as to feel, but 
delightful to find ; these you must 
cut out with a piece of the bark 
attached all round, taking care of 
course to cut deep enough to 
avoid injuring the pupae. If you 
study Micro-Lepidoptera a search 
among the fallen leaves will give 
H 
