126 
ARTIFICIAL ADAPTATIONS OF 
ground, the same form suggested for hemlocks and pines is adapted 
to the hawthorns ; viz., planting in a square or circle so that the 
interior can be used for a cool summer resort for smoking or read- 
ing, a place to take tea, or a children’s play- 
house. A dense canopy of leaves forms the 
coolest of shades in the hot hours of summer 
days. To form such a canopy with hawthorns 
will require about ten years, and may be 
made by planting six trees in a hexagonal 
form. All our readers may not remember 
that if they make a circle of any radius, 
that radius applied from point to point on 
'he circle will mark the six points of a hexa- 
gon. The following varieties of hawthorn are 
recommended for five of these places, viz. : the common white, 
CrcBtegus oxycajitha^ the pink flowered, C. o. rosea^ the dark red, 
C. 0. pimicea^ the double red, C. o. punicea flore plena^ the double 
white, C. 0. multiplex^ and for the sixth the double scarlet thorn, 
C. coccinma flore pletia. These will in time make a bower of 
exquisite beauty in the time of bloom, and of such full and glossy 
foliage that it will have great beauty during all the leafy season. 
After such bowers are well thickened overhead by the annual 
cutting back of the rankest upright growth, they are interesting 
objects even in winter, by the masses of snow borne on their flat 
tops, and the contrast presented between the deep shadows under 
them, and the brightness of the snow around. 
Some gardeners object to the use of the hawthorn in this coun- 
try, on account of its alleged liability to the attacks of a borer that 
injures the trunk, and the aphis which attacks the leaves. We 
shall not advise to refrain from planting it on this account, believ- 
ing that if planted in deep good soils, and the ground beneath 
kept clean, it will usually make so vigorous a growth as to 
repel the attacks of these insects, which usually choose feeble 
and stunted trees to work in. The hawthorns are all bushy 
when young, and their development into overarching trees will 
be somewhat slower than that of the following deciduous trees. 
The sassafras is eminently adapted to form a useful bower of 
Fig. 37. 
