PHILOSOPHY OF DEEP DRAINAGE. 265 
mass of beautiful trees, shrubs, and plants — that they will thrive 
best, and bear the winter’s cold and the summer’s heat and drought 
with least injury, in the most deeply drained soils. If this is true 
as a general rule, it is plain that for trees which are peculiarly 
sensitive to either extreme, there is greater need of deep drainage 
than for any other. 
The airing of the soil, which deep draining secures, acts in two 
ways for the benefit of all vegetation : first, by equalizing the tem- 
perature of the soil in consequence of the non-conducting power of 
air j secondly, by exposing the deeper soil to the contact of air, it 
becomes changed in character, and undergoes a constant process of 
fertilization by the action of air upon it. It is being oxygenized. 
Any one familiar with farming operations in new countries, knows 
that when virgin soils are first turned over, there are, usually, only 
a few inches of dark soil on the surface. If the plow turns a 
furrow five or six inches deep, it will generally show a much lighter 
color than the surface which is turned under ; but in a few years of 
continued culture this lighter-colored soil becomes as dark as the 
original surface. By the combined action of the sun and air it has 
all become equally oxygenized. If such ground were repeatedly 
plowed without growing a crop from it, and so as to permit no 
growth of vegetation to be turned under, it would still, for a time, 
gain rapidly in fertility, by the mere chemical changes produced by 
the sun and air. What plowing effects quickly by the direct ex- 
posure of the upper soil to these elements, deep draining and the 
consequent airing of the soil effects slowly, and less thoroughly, in 
subsoils through which the air is induced to permeate. Imper- 
ceptibly hilt surely., the earth beneath oiir feet is being warmed and 
fertilized by the action of the air upon it, whenever we invite the air in, 
by drawing the water out. This increased warmth and richness of 
the subsoil invites the roots of trees deeper and deeper in pro- 
portion as it approximates in character to the warmth and oxygena- 
tion of the surface-soil. To have a deeply aired soil, therefore, is 
to encourage trees to root farther down, and away from the trying 
changes of winter and spring temperature that weaken or kill semi- 
tropical trees and shrubs, and often impair the vitality of young 
trees of hardy species. 
