EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 517 
fine masses of verdure, its deep shadows, or the wing-like expan- 
sion of its massive lower branches. The vertical growth on the 
left which shows like a distinct small tree behind it is really a 
sprout, issuing from a great horizontal limb forty feet from the 
trunk like a perfectly formed distinct tree, and twenty-five feet in 
height ! In an open field near the Delaware water gap in Pennsyl- 
vania is a white pine but fifty feet high, with an oblate top like a 
park oak, its branches radiating at about fifteen feet from the 
ground, and covering a space nearly seventy feet in diameter, and 
forming a head of softly-rounded masses of foliage as dense as 
those of the sugar maple. 
A pine tree recently cut in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, had 
its trunk sawed into nine logs, whose united lengths were one 
hundred and thirty-six feet ; the smallest log being eleven inches in 
diameter at the top ! Allowing four feet for the height of the stump, 
this would make one hundred and forty feet in height of heavy 
timber in the trunk. The branching above this part of the trunk 
must have made the tree from one hundred and sixty to one hun- 
dred and eighty feet in height as it stood. Imagine a tree with 
such inherent vigor expanding in an open park, and it does not 
seem unreasonable to believe that it might attain dimensions not 
inferior to the historic grandeur of the cedars of Lebanon. 
Though the white pine attains such colossal height, and occa- 
sionally great breadth, it is not so far unsuited to the requirements 
of small grounds as might be inferred. It is a manageable tree. 
When its main stem attains a height of from twelve to twenty feet 
it can be cut back, to make a more spreading tree. Its foliage is 
much more massive, and the lights and shadows bolder and more 
varied when thus treated. If it is desired to strengthen the spread- 
ing branches decidedly, it may be necessary to cut out two or three 
years’ growth of the “ leader,” so that one of the side branches will 
not turn up too readily to make itself a leader. If it is necessary 
to keep the tree within a moderate compass, it can be safely pruned 
of half its growth every year — say in June or July- — and the rich 
density of its foliage will be increased by the process. This 
pruning should be done with some irregularity; — cutting-in some 
branches deeper than others, to prevent the formation of a smoothly 
