CONTENTS 
vii 
E . Developmental Heterogeneity of Stem Cell 
Preparations 119 
F. Microbial Contamination 119 
III . Major Examples of Human Stem Cells 121 
A. Human Adult Stem Cells 121 
1. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. 121 
2. Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells 
(MAPCS). 123 
3. Human Neural Stem Cells. 123 
4. Adult Stem Cells from Other Sources. 125 
B. Human Embryonic Stem Cells 125 
1 . Human Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) . 125 
2. Embryonic Germ Cells. 127 
3. Embryonic Stem Cells from Cloned. 
Embryos (Cloned ESCs). 127 
IV. Basic Research Using Human Stem Cells 129 
V. Human Stem Cells and the Treatment of Disease 130 
A. Will Stem Cell-Based Therapies Be Limited by 
Immune Rejection? 131 
B. Case Study: Stem Cells in the Future 
Treatment of Type-1 Diabetes? 132 
1. The Disease and Its Causes. 132 
2. Current Therapy Choices AND 
Outcomes. 134 
3. Stem Cell Therapy FOR Type- 1 
Diabetes? 134 
C . Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal 
Stem Cells (MSCs) 137 
VI. Private Sector Activity 138 
VII. Preliminary Conclusions 138 
Endnotes 140 
Glossary of Terms 
145 
Appendix A. 
Notes on Early Human Development 1 55 
Staff of The President's Council on Bioethics 
Appendix B. 
Remarks by the President on Stem Cell Research, 
August 9, 2001 181 
President George W. Bush 
AppenddcC. 
Bush Administration NIH Guidelines for Embryonic 
Stem Cell Funding 187 
PRE -PUBLICATION VERSION 
