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Ethical and Policy Developments 
See, for instance, McCartney, J, op. cit., p. 615. 
Council Member William Hurlbut, in Council communication. 
See, for instance, the comments of Council Member James Wilson during Council 
discussion on April 25, 2002. The full transcript is available on the Council’s website at 
www.bioethics.gov. 
A federal law, 42 U.S.C. § 289, is directed specifically against any such lethal ex- 
perimentation on these populations. 
This concern is raised in Outka, G., “The Ethics of Stem Cell Research," a paper 
presented to the Council for its April 2002 meeting, and available on the Council web- 
site at www.bioethics.gov. Also see the Council discussion of that paper, available on 
the Council website; and see Meilaender, G., op. cit. 
See, for instance, the transcript of Council discussion on April 25, 2002, available on 
the Council's website at www.bioethics.gov. 
Guenin, L. M., "Morals and Primordials," Science 292: 1659-1660 (2001). 
Spike, J., op. cit., p. 45. 
Guenin, L., op. cit. 
See, for instance, Orr, R., op, cit., p. 58. 
Mahowald, M. and Mahwoald P., "Embryonic Stem Cell Retrieval eind a Possible 
Ethical Bypass," American Journal of Bioethics 2(1): 42-43 (2002). 
See, for instance, Zoloth, L., op. cit., pp. 4-5. 
See, for instance, Harris, J., "The ethical use of human embryonic stem cells in re- 
search and therapy," in Burley, J, and Harris, J., eds., A Companion to Genetics: Phi- 
losophy and the Genetic Revolution, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2001; and Savulescu, J., 
"The Embryonic Stem Cell Lottery and the Cannibalization of Human Beings," Bio- 
ethics 16(6): 508-529 (2002). 
This subject was discussed in a Council session on January 16, 2003. When asked, 
in the course of a presentation before the Council, about the rate of natural embryo 
loss. Dr. John Opitz (Professor of Pediatrics, Human Genetics, and Obstet- 
rics/Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Utah) responded: "Estimates range 
all the way from 60 percent to 80 percent of the very earliest stages, cleavage stages, 
for example, that are lost," The transcript of this session is available on the Council 
website at www.bioethics.gov. 
Spike, J., op. cit., p. 45. 
Harris, J., "Stem Cells, Sex & Procreation," a paper presented to the American Phi- 
losophical Society, March 29, 2003. 
Savulescu, J., op, cit., pp. 508-529. 
See, for instance, Orr, R., op. cit., pp. 57-59. 
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