Appendix A. 
179 
ENDNOTES 
^ There are many fine embryology texts, and the reader is urged to consult one or more 
for deeper, broader and more extended treatment of embryology. The following 
references are samples only, not a comprehensive bibliography, selected in part for 
accessibility to the general though committed reader, and in part for recent 
publication. A few examples concentrating on human embryology would include 
Larson, W. J. Essentials of Human Embryology. New York Churchill Livingstone, 1988; 
Sadler, T. W. hangman’s Medical Embryology 8^ Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott 
Williams and Wilkens, 2002, or Sweeney, L. J. Basic Concepts in Embryology: A 
Student’s Survival Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988. For a more comparative 
approach consider Carlson. B. M. Patten’s Foundations of Embryology. 6^ Edition. New 
York: McGraw-Hill, 1996; and for more comparison and inclusion of related topics, see 
Gilbert, S. J. Developmental Biology. 6* Edition. Simderland, MA: Sinauer Associates 
Inc., 2000. In addition, there are many fine web-based resources, which the reader is 
encouraged to visit, for example http://anatomy.med.\msw.edu.au/cbl/embryo/ 
Embryo.htm and http://www.visembryo.com/ and to accompany Gilbert’s text, 
http://v\nvw.devbio.com/. These sites provide links to further resources as well. 
^ Shamblott M.J., et al., "Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human 
primordial germ cells" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 95(23): 
13726-13731 (1998). [Erratum in: Proc Nat/ Acad Sci USA 96(3): 1162 (1999).] 
^ Pearson, H., "Your destiny, from day one." Nature 418(6893): 14-15 (2002). 
^ Wilcox, A. J., et al.. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy," New England Journal of 
Medicine 319(4): 189-194 (1988). See also this review article: Norwitz, E. R, et al., 
"Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy," New England Journal of Medicine 
345(19): 1400-1408 (2001). Some estimates are indeed much higher (as high as 80 
percent for embryo loss before and after implantation). 
® Xu, RH., et al., "BMP4 initiates human embryonic stem cell differentiation to 
trophoblast” Nature Biotechnology 20{12): 1261-1264 (2002). 
® National Center for Health Statistics, “Births: Final Data for 2001.” National Vital 
Statistics Reports 51(2) (2002), available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ 
nvsr51Znvsr51_02.pdf 
’ Milki, A. A. et al., “Incidence of monozygotic twinning with blastocyst transfer 
compared to cleavage-stage transfer” Fertility and Sterility 79(3): 503-506 (2003). 
® Table 1 follows closely the table of events shown in Larson (1998) p. xi, and also the 
table presented by John M. Opitz, MD at the January 16, 2003 meeting of the Council. 
Not all the events listed in Larsen's table were included in the Table 1 above, 
however. 
PRE-PUBLICATION VERSION 
