Contents 
Page 
Glossary viii 
Acronyms and Abbreviations xii 
Chapter 1. Summary: Issues and Options 3 
Chapter 2. Introduction 29 
Part I; Biotechnology 
Chapter 3. Genetic Engineering and the Fermentation Technologies 49 
Chapter 4. The Pharmaceutical Industry 59 
Chapter 5. The Chemical Industry 85 
Chapter 6. The Food Processing Industry 107 
Chapter 7. The Use of Genetically Engineered Micro-Organisms in the 
Environment 117 
Part II: Agriculture 
Chapter 8. The Application of Genetics to Plants 137 
Chapter 9. Advances in Reproductive Biology and Their Effects on 
Animal Improvement .* 167 
Part III: Institutions and Society 
Chapter 10. The Question of Risk 199 
Chapter 11. Regulation of Genetic Engineering 
Chapter 12. Patenting Living Organisms 237 
Chapter 13. Genetics and Society' 
Appendixes 
I-A. A Case Study of Acetaminophen Production 269 
I-B. A Timetable for the Commercial Production of Compounds Using 
Genetically Engineered iMicro-Organisms in Biotechnology 275 
I-C. Chemical and Biological Processes 292 
I- D. The Impact of Genetics on Ethanol— A Case Study 293 
II- A. A Case Study of W^heat 304 
II-B. Genetics and the Forest Products Industry Case Study 307 
II- C. Animal Fertilization Technologies 309 
III- A. History of the Recombinant DNA Debate 315 
III-B. Constitutional Constraints on Regulation 320 
III-C. Information on International Guidelines for Recombinant DNA 322 
I\’. Planning Workshop Participants. Other Contractors and Contributors, and 
Acknowledgments 329 
VII 
