chapter 5 
Page 
Background 85 
Overview of the Industry 85 
Fermentation and the Chemical Industry 87 
New Process Introduction 89 
Characteristics of Biological Production 
Technologies 90 
Renewable Resources 90 
Physically Milder Conditions 91 
One-Step Production Methods 91 
Reduced Pollution 91 
Industrial Chemicals That May Be Produced by 
Biological Technologies 92 
Fertilizers, Polymers, and Pesticides 94 
Constraints on Biological Production Techniques 96 
An Overview of Impacts 97 
Impacts on Other Industries 97 
Impacts on University Research 98 
The Social Impacts of Local Industrial Activity . 99 
Impacts on Manpower 99 
Tables 
Table No. Page 
9. Data for Commercially Produced Amino 
Acids 88 
10. Summary of Recent Estimates of Primary 
U.S. Cost Factors in the Production of L- 
Lysine Monohydrochloride by Fermentation 
and Chemical Synthesis 89 
11. Some Commercial Enzymes and Their Uses. . 93 
12. Expansion of Fermentation Into the 
Chemical Industry 94 
13. The Potential of Some Major Polymeric 
Materials for Production Using Biotechnology 95 
14. Some Private Companies With 
Biotechnology Programs 98 
15. Distribution of Applied Genetics Activity 
in Industry 100 
16. Manpower Distribution of a Firm With 
Applied Genetics Activity 100 
17. Index to Fermentation Companies 100 
18. Fermentation Products and Producers 101 
19. U.S. Fermentation Companies 103 
Figures 
Figure No. Page 
24. Flow of Industrial Organic Chemicals From 
Raw Materials to Consumption 86 
25. Diagram of Alternative Routes to Organic 
Chemicals 90 
