98 • Impacts of Applied Genetics— Micro-Organisms, Plants, and Animals 
Table 14.- 
—Some Private Companies With Biotechnology Programs 
Company 
Founded 
Approximate 
employees 1979 
Ph. D.s 1979 
Research capacity 
Recombinant DNA Hybridomas 
Atlantic Antibodies 
1973 
50 
2 
X 
Bethesda Research Laboratories . . 
1976 
130 
30 
X 
X 
Biogen 
1978 
30 (50q 
(-|8b)(3)(5) 
X 
Xb 
Bens Bio Logicals 
1979 
15 
10 
X 
X 
Centocor 
1979 
200- low 
? 
X 
Cetus 
1972 
250 
50 
X 
X 
Clonal Research 
1979 
6 
1 
X 
Collaborative Researcht^ 
1961 
85 
15 
X 
X 
(Collaborative Genetics) 
(1979) 
(4) 
(3) 
X 
Genentech 
1976 
90 
30 
X 
Genex 
1977 
30 
12 
X 
Hybritech 
1978 
33(1) 
6 
X 
Molecular Genetics 
1979 
6(4) 
2 
X 
Xb 
Monoclonal Antibodies 
1979 
6 
3 
X 
New England Biolabs 
1974 
22(22) . 5(4) 
? 
X 
®F. Eberstadt & Co. estimates. 
^Expected by December 1980. 
''Collaborative Research is a major owner of Collaborative Genetics. The division between them is not yet distinct. 
SOURCES: (1) Science 208, p. 692-693, 1980 (52 people to expand to 100 by 1981). 
(2) Science 208, p. 692-693, 1980 (20 senior persons). 
(3) Science 208, p. 692-693, 1980 (16 scientists, 30 employees). 
(4) Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. 
(5) Chemical and Engineering News, Mar. 19, 1980. 
Office of Technology Assessment. 
neering firm also intends to manufacture some 
products itself. It is likely that the products re- 
served for inhouse manufacture will he low- 
volume, high-priced compounds like interferon. 
Genetic engineering by itself is a relatively 
small-scale laboratory operation. Consequently, 
genetic engineering firms will continue to offer 
services to companies that do not intend to 
develop this capacity in their own inhouse lab- 
oratories. Specifically, a genetic engineering 
company may contract with a firm to develop a 
biological production method for its products. 
At the same time, larger companies might estab- 
lish inhouse staffs to develop biological methods 
for both old and new products. (Several larger 
companies already have more inhouse genetic 
engineering personnel than some of the inde- 
pendent genetic engineering companies.) 
In addition, suppliers of genetic raw materials 
may decide to expand into the production of 
genetically engineered organisms. Suppliers of 
restriction endonuclease enzymes for example, 
which are used in constructing rDNA, have 
already entered the field. Diagnostic firms could 
develop new bioassays for which they them- 
selves would guarantee a market. Finally, com- 
panies with byproducts or waste products are 
beginning to examine the possibility of c'om (M l- 
ing them into useful products. This approacli 
(which is somewhat moi e developc’d in liurope) 
assumes that with the propc'r technology the 
waste materials can become a resource. 
Some industries, including manulacturcM's of 
agitators (drives), centrifuges, e\ a|)orators, ler- 
menters, dryers, storage tanks and process 
vessels, and conti'ol and instruim'ntation sys- 
tems, might profit by |)roducing e(|uipm('ul 
associated with fei'inentation. 
Impacts on university resiutrt'h 
From the beginning, genetic (Migineeiing 
firms established strong ties with uni\ crsities 
These were responsible foi' pio\ iding most of 
the scientific knowledges that formed the basis 
for applied genetics as well as the initial scien- 
tific workforce: 
• CetLis Cioi'p. (sstahlislu'd a pattern by ic- 
cruiting a prestigious hoard of Scientific 
Advisors who re'inain in academic posi 
tions. 
• Genentech, Inc., cofounde'd In a profe-ssor 
at the University of Galifornia at San t r.in- 
