100 • Impacts of Applied Genetics — Micro-Organisms, Plants, and Animals 
Data obtained through an OTA survey of 284 
firms indicate that the pharmaceutical industry 
employs the major share of personnel working 
in applied genetics programs. (See table 15.) The 
average number of Ph. D.s in each industry is 
given in table 16. A rough estimate of profes- 
sional scientific manpower at this level includes: 
6 in food, 45 in chemical, 120 in pharmaceutical, 
and 18 in specialty chemicals— a total of 189. If 
the number of research support personnel is 
approximately twice the number of Ph. D.s, the 
total rises to about 570. If $165,000 per year is 
required to support one Ph. D. in industry, the 
total value of such manpower is approximately 
$31 million. 
Estimates of the number of companies en- 
gaged in applied genetics work in 1980 can be 
compared with the total number of firms with 
fermentation activities. A tabulation of firms on 
a worldwide basis in 1977 revealed 145 com- 
panies, of which 27 were American. (See table 
17.) These companies produced antibiotics, en- 
zymes, solvents, vitamins and growth factors. 
Table 15.— Distribution of Applied Genetics 
Activity in Industry 
Classification 
Distribution of applied 
genetics activity by 
company classa 
Percent 
of total 
Food 
(6/46) 
13 
Chemical 
(9/52) 
17 
Pharmaceutical .... 
(12/25) 
48 
Specialty chemical^ 
(6/68) 
9 
^Ignores small firms specializing in genetic research. 
'’Food ingredients, reagents, enzymes. 
SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment. 
Table 16.— Manpower (low-(average)-high) Distribution 
of a Firm With Applied Genetics Activity 
Ph. D. M.S. Bachelors 
Food 0-(1)-2 0-(1)-2 0-(2)-8 
Chemical 3-(5)-7 0-(1)-2 2-(5)-7 
Pharmaceutical 2-(10)-24 1-(4)-9 1-(8)-20 
Specialty 1-(3)-8 1-(3)-4 2-(2)-4 
Biotechnology 
Genetic engineering. 3-(15)-32 2-(11)-20 5-(15)-25 
Hybridoma 1-(3)-6 0-(2)-0 0-(20)-0 
Other 0-(2)-4 2-(4)-6 8-{10)-13 
Average 1-(6)-12 1-(4)-6 3-(8)-12 
Table 17.— Index to Fermentation Companies 
1. Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, III. 
2. American Cyanamid, Wayne, N.J. 
3. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., St. Louis, Mo. 
4. Bristol-Myers Co., Syracuse, N.Y. 
5. Clinton Corn Processing Co., Clinton, Iowa 
6. CPC International, Inc., Argo, III. 
7. Dairyland Laboratories, Inc., Waukesha, Wis. 
8. Dawe’s Laboratories, Inc., Chicago Heights, III. 
9. Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa 
10. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, N.J. 
11. IMC Chemical Group, Inc., Terre Haute, Ind. 
12. Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
13. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J. 
14. Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart. Ind. 
15. Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. 
16. S. B. Penick & Co., Lyndhurst, N.J. 
17. Pfizer, Inc., New York, N.Y. 
18. Premier Malt Products, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. 
19. Rachelle Laboratories, Inc,, Long Beach, Calif. 
20. Rohm & Haas, Philadelphia, Pa. 
21. Sobering Corp., Bloomfield, N.J. 
22. G. D. Searle & Co., Skokie, III. 
23. E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc,, Princeton, N.J. 
24. Standard Brands, Inc., New York, N.Y. 
25. Stauffer Chemical Co., Westport. Conn. 
26. Universal Foods Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. 
27. The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. 
28. Wallerstein Laboratories, Inc., Morton Grove. III. 
29. Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia. Pa. 
SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment. 
nucleo.side.s, amino acid.s, and mi.sccllancou.s 
product.s. (Son tahU* 18.) I ho only rhnniral lirm 
listed was th(> Stauffer ( iK'mieal ( o. Ten lirms 
are listed as ha\ ing the ahilitx to product* food 
and feed yeast. (See table If).) ( orrecling lor 
firms listed Iwictf, at It'ast .38 I'.S firms were 
engaged in significant fermentation acti\il\ lor 
commercial products, ('xcluding alcoholic he\ 
erages, in 1977. i\ot all ha\ (* research expertise 
in fermentation or biotechnology, much less a 
regular genetics program: 10 to 2(1 were in the 
chemical industry: 25 to 40 in lermenlalion (en- 
zyme, |)harmac(*utical, lood, and specialized 
chemicals); and 10 to 15 in hiotechnologx (genet 
ic engintM'i’ing)— or about 45 to 75 I inns in all 
If ax eragtf manpower numbers .ire used the 
total numh(*r ol |)rolessionals iiuohed in com 
mereial applit'd genetics rt'search is: 
I’ll. I)..s: 30(1-4.10 
Others: 
900- 1, 3.10 
rhe number ol workers that will lie on ol\ cd 
in the production phast* ol hiotechnologx rcpie 
SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment. 
