102 • Impacts of Applied Genetics— Micro-Organisms, Plants, and Animals 
Table 18.— Fermentation Products and Producers 
Product Some producers^ Product Some producers^ 
Demeclocycline 2 
Oxytetracycline 17,19 
Tetracycline 2,4,17,19,23,27 
Tetranectin 
Thiopeptin 
Thiostrepton 23 
Tobramycin 12 
Trichomycin 
Tylosin 12 
Tyrothricin 16,28 
Tyrocidine 
Uromycin 
Validamycin 
Vancomycin 12 
Variotin 
Viomycin 
Virginiamycin 
Enzymes 
Amylases 5,19,20,24,28 
Amyloglucosidase 5,6,14,28 
Anticyanase 
L-asparaginase 
Catalase 8,14 
Cellulase 6,20,28 
Dextranase 
‘Diagnostic enzymes’ 
Esterase-lipase 28 
Glucanase 28 
Glucose dehydrogenase 
Glucose isomerase 3,5,14,24 
Glucose oxidase 8,14 
Glutamic decarboxylase 18 
Hemi-cellulase 14,20,28 
Hespiriginase 
Invertase 24,26,28 
Lactase 28 
Lipase 20 
Microbial rennet 17,28 
Naringinase 28 
Pectinase 20,28 
Pentosanase 20,28 
Proteases 14,17,18,20,28 
Streptokinase-streptodornase 2 
Uricase 
Organic acids 
Citric acid 14,17 
Comenicacid 17 
Erythorbicacid 
Giuconicacid 4,17,18 
Itaconicacid 17 
2-keto-D-giuconic acid 17 
a-ketoglutaric acid 
Lactic acid 5 
Malic acid 
Urocanic acid 
Solvents 
Ethanol 9 
2,3-butanediol 
Vitamins and growth factors 
Gibberellins 1,12,13 
Riboflavin 13 
Vitamin Bi 2 13 
Zearalanol 11 
Nucleosides and nucleotides 
5- ribonucleotides and nucleosides 
Orotic acid 
Ara-A-(9-/3-D-arabino-furanosyl) 15 
6- azauridine 
®Blank means no U.S. producer in 1977; therefore, is produced by one or more foreign firms (from at least 120 different firms). 
SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment. 
sents a major impact of genetic engineering. To 
estimate this number these two calculations 
must be made; 
• the value or volume of chemicals that 
might be produced by fermentation, and 
• the number of production workers needed 
per unit volume of chemicals produced. 
Any prediction of the potential volume of 
chemicals is necessarily filled with uncertain- 
ties. The approximate market value of organic 
chemicals produced in the United States is given 
in appendix I-B. Total U.S. sales in 1979 were 
calculated to be over $42 billion. On the basis of 
the assumptions made, $522 million worth of 
bulk organic chemicals could be commercially 
produced by genetically engiiK'cred strains in 
10 years and $7.1 billion in 20 years, fable 
I-B-10 in appendix I-B lists the potential markets 
for pharmaceuticals. I'.xcluding nuMhane |)ro- 
duction, the total |)otential market lor products 
obtained from genetically engineered orga- 
nisms is approximately $ l-t.O billion. 
If the production of chemicals having this 
value is carried out by h'rmenlalion. it is possi- 
ble to calculate how many workers will he 
needed. Data obtained from industrial sources 
reveal that 2 to 5 workers, including those in 
supervision, services, and production .ire re- 
(|uired foi' $1 million worth of product Hem e 
30,000 to 75,000 workers would he |■e(|uired loi‘ 
the estimated $ 14.0 hillion market 
