Appendix l-B — A Timetable for the Commercial Production of Compounds • 277 
Table l-B-3.— Pharmaceuticals: Small Molecules 
Product category 
End use 
Amino acids 
Phenylalanine 
. Intravenous solutions 
Tryptophan 
. Intravenous solutions 
Arginine 
. Therapeutic: liver disease 
and hyperammonemia 
Cysteine 
. Therapeutic: bronchitis and 
nasal catarrh 
Vitamins 
Vitamin E 
. Intravenous solutions, 
prophylactic 
Vitamin Bu 
. Intravenous solutions 
Aromatics 
Aspirin 
. Analgesic 
p-acetaminophenol 
Steroid hormones 
Corticoids 
. Analgesic 
Cortisone 
. Therapeutic: 
anti-inflammatory agent 
Prednisone 
. Therapeutic: 
anti-inflammatory agent 
Prednisolone 
. Therapeutic: 
anti-inflammatory agent 
Aldosterone 
Androgens 
. Therapeutic: control of 
electrolyte imbalance 
Testosterone 
Estrogens 
. Therapeutic: infertility, 
hypogonadism, and 
hypopituitarism 
Estradiol 
Antibiotics 
. Prophylactic, therapeutic: 
vaginitis 
Penicillins 
. Control of infectious diseases 
Tetracyclines 
. Control of infectious diseases 
Cephalosporins 
. Control of infectious diseases 
Short peptides 
Glycine-Histidine-Lysine. . 
. Manufacturing processes: 
tissue culture 
SOURCE: Genex Corp. 
performed by (Jenex. In the latter case, data are used 
that are not proprietary although the sources must 
remain confidential. Market \alues were estimated 
hy multiplying the market \olume (total amount of 
product sold in 1978) hy the hulk cost (unit bulk sell- 
ing price in 1980). Except for aromatics and ali- 
phatics. all market data represent worldwide esti- 
mates. Market data for aromatics and aliphatics are 
restricted to the Ignited States. Data that could not be 
found were marked not a\ ailable (N/A). Compounds 
with a high market \ alue were identified, and those 
that could he produced biologically were selected for 
this report. 
High market \ alues were relati\e to the industry 
and end use listing of each compound. For example, 
with respect to chemicals, normally only cyclic in- 
Table l-B-4.— Pharmaceuticals: Large Molecules 
Product category 
End use 
Peptide hormones 
Insulin 
Endorphins 
Enkephalins 
ACTHa 
Glucagon 
Vasopressin 
Human growth hormone . 
. . Control of diabetes 
. . Analgesics, narcotics, 
prophylactics 
. . Analgesics, narcotics, 
prophylactics 
. . Diagnostic: adrenal instability 
. . Therapeutic: diabetes-induced 
hypoglycemia 
. . Therapeutic: antidiuretic 
. . Therapeutic: dwarfism 
Enzymes 
Glucose oxidase 
Urokinase 
Asparaginase 
Tyrosine hydroxylase ... 
. . Diagnostic: measurement of 
blood sugar 
. . Therapeutic: antithrombotic 
. . Therapeutic: antineopla§tic 
. . Therapeutic: Parkinson’s 
disease 
Viral antigens 
Hepatitis viruses 
Influenza viruses 
Herpes viruses 
Varicella virus 
Rubella virus 
Reoviruses 
Epstein-Barr virus 
. . Vaccine 
. . Vaccine 
. . Vaccine 
. . Vaccine 
. . Vaccine 
. . Vaccine: common cold 
. . Vaccine: infectious 
mononucleosis, 
nasopharyngeal 
carcinoma, Burkitt 
lymphoma 
Miscellaneous proteins 
Interferon 
Human serum albumin .. 
Monoclonal antibodies . . 
. . Control of infectious diseases 
. . Therapeutic: shock and burns 
. . Diagnostics: hepatitis, cancer, 
etc; therapeutics 
Gene preparations 
Sickle-cell anemia 
Hemophilias 
Thallasemias 
. . Control of hereditary disorder 
. . Control of hereditary disorder 
. . Control of hereditary disorder 
^Adrenocorticotropic hormone. 
SOURCE: Genex Corp. 
termediates with production volumes (which differ 
from market \ olumes) exceeding 50 million lb were 
selected, but in the case of fla\ or and perfume mate- 
rials, compounds with production values generally 
exceeding 1 million lb were selected. In the case of 
many pharmaceuticals, clinical importance' was 
weighed heavily in their selection process. 
The technical data were also obtained both from 
published and proprietary sources. With respect to 
the timetable for commercial production, the stated 
length of time is the time required to develop existing 
technology (including both genetic and biochemical 
engineering) to the point where it may be applied to 
appropriate manufacturing facilities for the large- 
scale production of the desired compounds. These 
time intervals should he sufficient for undertaking 
