RED DEER, FALLOW DEER & ROE 
G N the Continent of Europe red deer are found in Spain, 
^Portugal, France, Germany, the whole of Austria and its 
^ dependencies, the Balkan States, Turkey, Austrian and 
f Russian Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Russia 
r as far north as the forests just south of St Petersburg. 
There are also a few in the islands of Corsica and Sar- 
dinia. The same animal is also found in North Persia, the Caucasus, Asia 
Minor and North Africa; but at present we are not concerned with these nor 
with the race inhabiting the British Islands, which have been fully dealt 
with in a previous volume of this series. 
In all the above areas of Europe the red deer is one and the same animal, 
merely differing in size, the smallest being those of Sardinia and the largest 
natives of Asia Minor and the Eastern Carpathians. The Sardinian race is in 
reality a dwarf one, having very short legs. I have only seen one living exam- 
ple (recently in the Zoological Gardens, Berlin), and as it stood at the side 
of the cage it measured 3 ft. 4 in. at the shoulder. A large Carpathian stag, 
weighing 33 stone, which I killed in 1910, was 4 ft. 8 in. at the shoulder. 
The Caucasian race is distinctly spotted and very red in summer; whilst 
all the European races, including those of the Carpathians, are not spotted 
in summer but are a uniform red on the upper parts and flanks, being grey 
on the under parts, neck and flanks. Nearly all the continental races are 
grey brown or very dark grey, and black on the belly, but some examples 
are grey underneath and yellowish round the testes. Some are quite grey 
on the face, others very dark brown, and others again deep red on the fore- 
head and cheeks. 
In 1910 I had the good fortune to examine twelve East Carpathian stags’ 
heads and necks that had just been shot, and they presented every variation 
to be found in wild Scottish stags, from light grey to deep red. All these 
deer breed together, and there is no foundation in fact for the two -race 
theory of Carpathian deer. The same also occurs throughout Hungary 
and Germany. The French and Spanish red deer are lighter in colour and 
more slenderly built. 
In size the Sardinian race would not weigh more than 9 stone (British 
sporting weight, clean); Norwegian, 16 to 22 stone; Spanish and French, 
16 to 20 stone; German, 18 to 25 stone; Hungarian, 20 to 30 stone; 
and East Carpathian, 25 to 44 stone. The horns of Continental red deer 
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