164 
POPULAR FLORA. 
1. Leaves in whorls. Ovary 2-celled, separating in the ripe fruit into two closed and one-seeded pieces : 
teeth or limb of the calyx small or hardly to be discerned. 
Stamens 5 and the corolla 5-parted. Fruit berry-like when ripe, ( Rubia ) ^Madder. 
Stamens and divisions of the wheel-shaped corolla 4, rarely 3. Fruit a pair of dry or 
fleshy akenes, smooth in some species, in others rough, in others beset with 
hooked prickles, making little burs, ( Galium) Bedstraw. 
2. Leaves opposite, and with stipules, either as little scales or forming a small sheath. 
Shrub: flowers (white) many in a close round head (Fig. 145), ( Cephaldnthus) Buttonbush. 
Small herbs. (Corolla 4-lobed.) 
Flowers twin, on one ovary, which makes a double-eyed red berry. Small creeping 
evergreen, with round leaves. Corolla bearded inside. ( Mitchella ) Partridge -berry. 
Flowers separate, peduncled. Fruit a dry pod. Stems erect. ( Oldenlandia. § Houstonia) Bluets. 
48. VALERIAN FAMILY. Order VALERI ANACEAL 
Herbs, with strong-scented roots, opposite leaves, and no stipules, a 5-lobed monopetalous 
corolla bearing only 2 or 3 stamens, and borne on the ovary, which makes a small one- 
seeded dry fruit. Flowers small, in cymes or clusters, white or purplish. 
Limb of the calyx crowning the fruit in the form of feathery bristles, ( Valeriana) ^Valerian. 
Limb of the calyx only one or more blunt teeth, ( Fedia ) Lamb-Lettuce. 
49. TEASEL FAMILY. Order DIPSACEAE. 
Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and perfect flowers in dense heads, surrounded 
by an involucre, and with a chaffy bract under each blossom. Corolla tubular or funnel- 
form, with 4 or 5 lobes, bearing 4 stamens, and itself borne on the ovary, which becomes an 
akene in fruit, containing one hanging seed. 
Flowers in a rough-chaffy head : calyx cup-shaped, short: lobes of the corolla 4. Stem 
and leaves rough or prickly, ( Dwsacus ) Teasel. 
Flowers larger than the chaff: calyx with long-awned or bristle-shaped lobes: lobes of the 
corolla 4 or 5, unequal, ( Scabiosa ) ^Scabious. 
50. COMPOSITE or SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Order COMPOSITE. 
Known by having what were called compound flowers , which are really a number of 
flowers closely crowded into a head, and this surrounded by an in- 
volucre which was taken for a calyx. The Scabious has its flowers 
in such heads. But the distinguishing mark of the present family 
is that its five stamens are united by their anthers, or syngene- 
sious. Fig. 400 shows the stamens, their anthers connected into 
a tube, through which the style passes. Fig. 401 shows this tube 
split down on one side and spread open flat. What gives the 
whole head so much the appearance of one large blossom is, that, 
