74 
Psyche 
[Vol. 92 
Table I. Census of adults in each nest at the beginning of the experiment: $d = 
dealate queens, $a = alate queens, $ = males, $ = workers (± 2). The figure in 
brackets after the $d count indicates the number of dealate queens that were present 
in the nest at the time of collection. Asterisks (*) indicate colonies which budded 
during the experiment (see Figure 1). 
# 
9d 
9a 
(5 
$ 
# 
9d 
9a 
(5 
§ 
# 
9d 
9a 
(5 
$ 
1* 
2(1) 
2 
0 
150 
20 
1 (1) 
3 
0 
55 
39 
1 (1) 
0 
3 
40 
2 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
45 
21 
3(0) 
4 
4 
35 
40 
0(0) 
0 
18 
15 
3 
0(0) 
0 
7 
10 
22 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
45 
41 
2(1) 
0 
0 
130 
4 
M(l) 
6 
0 
155 
23 
I (1) 
0 
0 
20 
42 
9(1) 
4 
28 
20 
5* 
18(1) 
8 
7 
60 
24 
1 (1) 
1 
0 
45 
43 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
35 
6 
3 (3) 
0 
0 
85 
25 
2(1) 
0 
0 
90 
44 
3(0) 
24 
1 
20 
7 
0(0) 
0 
0 
70 
26 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
50 
45 
2(1) 
0 
4 
90 
8* 
0(0) 
0 
5 
30 
27 
2(2) 
0 
0 
25 
46 
3(1) 
7 
0 
90 
9 
6(1) 
0 
0 
75 
28 
1 (!) 
0 
0 
50 
47 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
30 
10 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
45 
29 
4(1) 
0 
0 
60 
48 
15(1) 
4 
1 
90 
II* 
2(1) 
5 
0 
75 
30 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
50 
49 
12(1) 
4 
0 
55 
12 
0 ( 0 ) 
8 
0 
50 
31 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
70 
50* 
2(1) 
3 
1 
75 
13 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
105 
32 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
95 
51 
3(1) 
12 
0 
30 
14* 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
105 
33 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
45 
52* 
7(2) 
13 
2 
90 
15* 
6(2) 
18 
0 
160 
34 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
80 
53 
3(0) 
3 
1 
10 
16 
0 ( 0 ) 
2 
1 1 
40 
35 
1 (1) 
0 
0 
60 
54 
0(0) 
6 
2 
35 
17* 
3(2) 
0 
0 
1 10 
36 
1 (0) 
5 
22 
15 
55 
1 (0) 
8 
0 
15 
IS* 
1 (2) 
1 
0 
130 
37 
8(0) 
5 
25 
15 
56 
1 (1) 
4 
5 
55 
19* 
2(1) 
5 
0 
60 
38 
13 (0) 
7 
0 
10 
57* 
14(1) 
6 
0 
170 
Colonies remained undisturbed except for these observations and 
the normal maintenance indicated above. The data were analysed 
using Chi-square tests and Student’s t-tests. Chi-square tests involv- 
ing one degree of freedom employed a correction for continuity, and 
all comparisons of census data with t-tests utilized a square root 
transformation (Parker 1979). 
Census data for each colony are given in Table 1 . Between the time 
the colonies were collected and the initiation of the experiment 
many of the larger larvae pupated and eclosed to produce workers, 
alate females and males. Many of the young queens subsequently 
became dealate, and at least some appeared to function as workers. 
Nonetheless, males and females were observed flying about in their 
foraging dishes, and some mating between siblings may have 
occurred, although none was observed. None of the queens was 
dissected in this study, and hence the reproductive status of both 
young and old queens remains unknown. Little colony growth 
occurred after the initiation of the experiment. 
