Table 1A. The behavior used in permanent nest-closure by the ground-nesting 
Sphecinae (X = observed, S = sometimes observed, ? = not known due to incomplete 
observations, - = not observed). 
Species 
Digging Behavior 
Method of Digging Method of Filling 
the Nest 
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Sceliphrini 
Stangeella cyaniventris 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Penepodium Luteipenne 
X 
- 
- 
- 
- 
X 
X 
Sphecini 
Sphex argentatus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
- 
Sphex ichneumoneus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
Sphex muticus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
- 
Sphex pensylvanicus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
Sphex subtruncatus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
X 
Sphex Fernaldina lucae 
X 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
- 
Palmodes dimidiatus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
X 
Palmodes laeviventris 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Prionyx atratus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
X 
Prionyx kirbii 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Prionyx subfuscatus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
- 
Prionyx thomae 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Prionyx viduatus 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
- 
Ammophilini 
Podalonia spp. 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
- 
Podalonia hirsuta 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Podalonia luctuosa 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Podalonia pubescens 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
- 
Podalonia violaceipennis 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
X 
Eremochares dives 
X 
- 
- 
X 
- 
- 
X 
Eremnophila aureonotata 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
- 
- 
Ammophila aberti 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Ammophila azteca 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila clavus 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Ammophila hard 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Ammophila heydeni 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila juncea 
- 
- 
X 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Ammophila kennedyi 
- 
? 
? 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Ammophila macro 
- 
X 
X 
X 
- 
- 
X 
Ammophila picdpennis 
- 
X 
s 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila placida 
- 
s 
X 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila procera 
- 
s 
X 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila pruinosa 
- 
s 
X 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Ammophila pubescens 
- 
s 
X 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila sabulosa 
- 
s 
X 
X 
- 
X 
- 
Ammophila urnaria 
- 
X 
s 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila wrighdi 
- 
X 
- 
X 
- 
X 
X 
Ammophila zanthoptera 
- 
X 
- 
X 
- 
X 
X 
♦Stone, stick, seed or other hard object 
312 
