372 
Psyche 
[Vol. 92 
Results 
cleaning. Involves chewing movements of the mouthparts. 
Antenna Clean: Two major modes of antenna cleaning were 
observed: Assisted and Unassisted. The Assisted mode is subdivided 
into three submodes: Bipedal, Contralateral, and Ipsilateral. 
1 . Assisted. 
a) Bipedal: This movement was observed only in Periplaneta 
brunnea of the family Blattidae. Both forelegs simultaneously move 
upward and grasp one antenna as it and the head are bent down- 
ward. The head is then raised and the antenna pulled into the mouth 
by the crossed forelegs. 
b) Contralateral: This movement was confined to and observed 
throughout the families Cryptocercidae, Blattidae, and Blattellidae. 
The antenna is deflected downward as the contralateral foreleg 
moves upward and contacts the antenna. The head is raised and the 
antenna is pulled into the mouth by the leg. 
c) Ipsilateral : Alternating with Unassisted, this movement was 
observed exclusively in the family Blaberidae. It resembles Contra- 
lateral except that the ipsilateral foreleg is used. 
2. Unassisted. 
Alternating with Ipsilateral, this method was observed exclu- 
sively in the Blaberidae. The antenna deflects into the mouth using 
its intrinsic musculature. There is no leg assistance, but the antenna 
may occasionally be trapped against the substrate. 
Once the antenna is in the mouth, two aspects of antenna cleaning 
are constant in all species: a single antenna is cleaned at a time, and 
in species assisting with the foreleg, the antenna is released by the leg 
as it is grasped by the mouthparts. 
Palpus Clean: Palpal cleaning was observed in all species. The 
labial and maxillary palpi are cleaned similarly. A single palp is 
curled directly into the mouth from the normal resting position. 
Either the entire palp or only the tip is cleaned. 
Leg Clean: With three exceptions, all species clean all three legs. 
Cryptocercus punctulatus performs no leg cleaning, and two species 
in the family Blaberidae, Pycnoscelus surinamensis and Leucophaea 
maderae, were never observed to clean the hindleg. 
1. Foreleg Clean: A foreleg is raised and extended forward as the 
head turns to reach it. The body is supported in a normal resting 
position by the remaining five legs. The mouthparts contact the leg 
