254 Account of the principal Coal-Mines in France . 
taken, having a value of from 10 to 11 millions of francs on the 
spot, a value which rises to 40 millions, at least with regard to 
the mass of consumers, as the carriage to the place of consump- 
tion amounts to three times, four times* and even in some cases 
to ten times, the price of the coal. 
These 9 millions of quintals, which are nothing in comparison 
of the comsumption of England, which rises to 75 millions of 
quintals annually *, are furnished by the following mines : 
1. Three millions are furnished by the mines of St Etienne, 
Rive-de-Gier, and the neighbourhood, in which 14Q0 workmen 
are immediately occupied, and where there exist 11 steam-en- 
gines, 6 hydraulic engines, and 70 machines a molettes ou & 
ehevaux, (analogous to our jack-rolls with spur wheels, and our 
whim-gins worked by horses.). The formation in which these 
mines exist, consists of sandstone and slate. The excellent coal 
which they produce is transported to all parts of France, and even 
to Genes. 
2. Three millions by the works in the Department du Nord^ 
which employ 4500 miners, and in which there are erected 7 
horse machines, 9 steam-engines for drawing off the water, and 
16 rotation ones, in constant employment for the extraction of 
the coal. 
This country contains the mines of Anzin and Raiane,. which 
are the most considerable in France, and which produce from 
200 to 400 metres. These mines are situated in the forma- 
tion of coal — sandstones, and slates ; but they are covered by 
a great thickness of limestone deposit, the overlying and uncon- 
formable strata of which are horizontal. 
3. Lastly , The remaining third of the mass of coal which is 
annually extracted in France, comes especially from the mines of 
Eitry, in the Department du Calvados, which employ more than 
400 workmen, and produce upwards of 200,000 quintals of coal y 
of Carmeaux, in the Department du Tarn, which produce more 
than 100,000 quintals, and employ upwards of 300 workmen ; 
of Creuzot and others, in the Department of the Saone and the 
Loire, producing more than 400,000 quintals of coal; of Cham- 
pagney and Ronchamps, in the Department of the Haute Saone, 
* The Carron- works in Scotland alone are said to consume 8000 quintals weekly. 
