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[Vol. 93 
alternately during the 10 minutes the act lasted. This duration 
time may not be the usual one for the species, however, for one 
pair were observed in the field, when collected, which were 
already in copula and remained so for about another half hour. 
The sound produced during courtship was also reported by 
Allard (1936). Observations were made on a collecting trip in the 
Bull Run Mountains of Virginia during late April. He described the 
sound as a distinct purring produced by drumming rapidly upon dry 
leaf surfaces. He reports: 
The creatures were very wary, but with care I was able to 
examine their movements critically from a distance of only a 
few inches. When the spider moved and made its sounds, the 
fore part of the body quivered perceptibly and the palpi, too, 
executed gentle up and down movements. The quivering 
movements brought the chelicerae directly in contact with the 
dry leaf surface, and the latter alone appeared to be responsible 
for the rather loud sounds I had heard. 
According to Allard these tapping sounds could be heard a distance 
of 10 feet or more. 
Rovner (1975) investigated sound production in three species of 
Schizocosa and six species of Lycosa, including gulosa. Previous 
investigators, as with gulosa above, had regarded such sounds as 
being solely percussive, generally produced by a tapping or scraping 
of the palps or the chelicerae against the substratum. High-speed 
Figs. 6-9. Gladicosa gulosa (Walckenaer) 6-7. Female from 4 mi. S of New 
Richmond, Allegan Co., Michigan, 16 Sept. 1974. 6. Epigynum. 7. Internal geni- 
talia. 8. Epigynum of female from Pepperell, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts, Apr. 
1973. 9. Epigynum of female from Cove Creek Valley, 15 mi. S of Prairie Grove, 
Washington Co., Arkansas. 
Figs. 10-14. Gladicosa pulchra (Keyserling). 10. Epigynum of female from 
Stone Co., Mississippi, 21 Dec. 1964. 1 1. Epigynum of syntype from North Ameri- 
ca. 12-13. Female from Gainesville, Alachua Co., Florida, 14 June 1935. 
12. Internal genitalia. 13. Epigynum. 14. Epigynum of holotype of Lycosa inso- 
pita Montgomery [= Gladicosa pulchra (Keyserling)] from Austin, Travis Co., 
Texas. 
Figs. 15-17. Gladicosa euepigynata (Montgomery). 15-16. Female from Camp 
Verde, Kerr Co., Texas, Dec. 1939. 15. Internal genitalia. 16. Epigynum. 17. 
Epigynum of holotype of Lycosa euepigynata Montgomery [= Gladicosa euepigy- 
nata (Keyserling)] from Austin, Travis Co., Texas. Ip, longitudinal piece of scape; s, 
seminal receptacle; tp, trnasverse piece of scape. 
