210 Psyche [December 
aggressive nature of the males and assists them to find the op- 
posite sex even at great distances. 
Contributions on the habits of certain moths by Forel (2) 
and Riley (3) and the extremely interesting deductions made 
from careful observations on the life of ants by Forel (2), Wheeler 
(4), Lubbock (5), Bethe (6), Wasmann (7), Fielde (8), and 
others seem to demonstrate that the antennse serve as tactile 
and olfactory organs. The results of these investigators may 
be briefly summer up. They chiefly considered the behavior of 
insects when subject to various stimuli, such as the exploratory 
movements of the antennse when the creatures are searching for 
food or for proper places to lay their eggs; the antennal move- 
ments and subsequent behavior of insects when encountering 
members of their own or “alien” species; the part the antennse 
play when the animals are attempting to find their way to their 
nests and back to the forage supply; the trilling of the antennse 
by males in the presence of females, etc. 
Experiments to prove the above contentions are not lacking. 
Forel showed that certain insects which appear to find their 
mates by smell are unable to do so when the antennse are am- 
putated. Kellogg (9)- showed that when one antenna is removed 
from silkworm moths, they always turn towards the source of 
odor stimulation in the direction of the remaining antenna. 
Barrows (10) demonstrated that Drosophila is unable to respond 
to odors when the last segment of the antennse is removed. Von 
Frisch (11) trained bees to come to an odorous food supply. 
When the antennse were amputated the bees could no longer find 
the food. In order to prove that this failure was not due to any 
general constitutional effects of the operation, he trained other 
bees to associate the food with a particular color. When the 
antennse of such bees were removed they promptly found the 
food. Minnich (12) in some experiments on the cabbage butter- 
fly found that the antennse were olfactory organs but not the 
only ones. Most of the experimenters referred to agree that 
some insects will still respond, but much more slowly, to odors 
after the antennse have been removed or coated with substances 
impermeable to volatile materials. This seems to show that ol- 
factory organs are also located in other regions of the body. 
