90 
Psyche 
[June 
formicid subfamily has been based partly upon larval characters, 
namely, the Pseudomyrminae established by Emery in 1899. It 
is now known that the characters he used (hypocephaly and the 
presence of antennal rudiments) are not distinctive. Valid 
characters were found, however, by Wheeler and Bailey (1920) 
in their study of the larvae of Pseudomyrma, Tetraponera, Pachy- 
sima, and Viticicola : the straight cylindrical body and the tro- 
phothylax. And Wheeler (1920, 1922, 1923) has since recognized 
the group as a distinct subfamily. 
Literature Cited. 
Andre, Ern. 
1881-1882. Species des hymenopteres composant le groupe 
des formicides d’Europe, etc. Gray, pis. 1-25, 8 suppl. 
Ashmead, W. H. 
1905. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, 
subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the super- 
family Formicoidea. Canad. Ent. 37: 381-384. 
von Dalla Torre, K. W. 
1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum 
systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. VII: Formicidae 
(Heterogyna) . viii, 289, Leipzig. 
Emery, C. 
1870. Studi myrmecologici. Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. 2: 9p.,lpl. 
1875. Le formiche ipogee, con descrizione de specie nuove e 
poco note. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa 7 : 465-474, 1 fig. 
1877. Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei myrmicidei e 
considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche. Boll. Soc. 
Ent. Ital. 9: 1-17, 1 pi. 
1895. Die Gattung Dorylus Fabr. und die systematische 
Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. 8: 
685-778, 3 pi., 41 fig. 
1899. Intorno alle larvae di alcune formiche. Mem. Accad 
Sc. Bologna (5), 8: 3- 10, 2 pi. 
1904. Le affinita del genere Leptanilla e i limiti delle Dory- 
linae. Arch. Zool. Napoli 2: 107-116, 9 fig. 
