1947] 
Early Insect Life 
77 
long and armed with spines and teeth ; in others they were 
curiously modified, perhaps for digging or climbing (Fig- 
ure 3). The hind legs were specialized in some species 
for leaping, as in grasshoppers and crickets. It is appar- 
ent, therefore, that these early orthopteroids were a 
varied lot. They probably inhabited small seed-ferns, the 
phytophagous species feeding on the leaves and the pre- 
daceous ones on Palaeodictyoptera and other defenseless 
insects. They were not very large creatures, though a 
few attained a wing-expanse of six inches. The nymphs 
Figure 4. Paleuthy gramma tenuicornis Martynov (Order Caloneurodea), 
from the Upper Permian of Russia. (After Martynov.) 
of several families are known; they resembled the adults 
closely and were obviously terrestrial. 
Related to the Protortlioptera, hut different enough to 
require ordinal separation, were the Caloneurodea, which 
existed during the Upper Carboniferous and Permian 
periods. They were slender insects, with long antennae 
and tenuate wings (Figure 4). The largest of them had 
a wing expanse of five inches. They differed from the 
Protortlioptera chiefly in having hind wings like the fore 
wings, with no enlargement of the anal area. In general 
appearance the caloneurodeans probably resembled the 
