78 
Psyche 
[June 
long-horned grasshoppers, except that their legs were 
cursorial, not modified for jumping. Their nymphs are 
unknown. 
The extinct orders which we have been considering 
have had a geologic record extending throughout the 
Carboniferous and Permian. We now come to two orders 
which are known only from the Permian period. One of 
these, the Protoperlaria, is the best known of all the ex- 
Figure 5. Protoperlarian nymph, from the Lower Permian of Kansas. 
Original restoration, based upon specimens in the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology. 
tinct orders of insects, their remains being very abundant 
in Lower Permian rocks of Kansas and Oklahoma. The 
adults were similar to the existing stone-flies, but they 
had pronotal lobes like the Palaeodictyoptera, five tarsal 
segments, and a distinct, though small, ovipositor. The 
abdomen had long cerci and nine pairs of vestigal lateral 
gills, recalling those of the Palaeodictyoptera and some 
Megasecoptera. That they were vestigial gills is shown 
by the nymphs (Figure 5). These were well adapted to 
