242 
Psyche 
[October 
roceridse some slight indications of affinities with the Bibionoidea, 
and also some slight suggestions of resemblances to the Chiro- 
nomoidea and Culicoidea. The mouthparts of Edwardsina 
resemble those of the Tanyderidse, and Dr. Alexander finds 
suggestions of affinities with the Tanyderids in the wings of 
Edwardsina] but the other structures of Edwardsina show no 
marked resemblance to the Tanyderids, so that it is preferable 
to group the Blepharocerids with the non-Tipuloid Nematocera 
provisionally, leaving the matter of their closer affinities until 
more data on the subject is available. 
In brief, the Culicoidea, Chironomoidea, Bibionoidea and 
Mycetophiloidea were apparently descended from Anisopodid- 
like ancestors, which in turn lead to the ancestral Trichoceridse. 
These were derived from ancestors like those of the Bruchomyidae 
and Tanyderidse, which sprang from the common Protodipteran 
stem, represented by such forms as the fossil Protodipteron 
Austropsyche. The latter is extremely Mecopteroid in nature, 
and beyond a doubt the Protodiptera arose from the Mecoptera 
themselves, or from the immediate ancestors of the Mecoptera, 
and the Trichoptera also arose from the same stock. These lines 
of development are joined by those of the Hymenoptera and 
Neuroptera as we trace them back to their ultimate source in 
the Protorthoptera, or in the common Protorthopteran-Proto- 
blattid stem from which the insects above the Palsedicyoptera 
(i. e., the “Neopterygota”) were derived. These in turn lead to 
the Palseodictyoptera, and the Palaeodictyoptera together with 
the Odonotoids and Ephemeroids {i. e., the “Archipterygota'^), 
were apparently derived from the Lepismatoid ancestors of the 
Pterygota in general. 
