1938] 
Are Ant Larvae Apodous? 
141 
metathorax there are small paired structures — probably 
grooves — located one on each side approximately midway 
between the leg vestige and the spiracle, i.e., ventrolateral 
and therefore in close proximity to the imaginal buds of the 
wings. These can hardly be termed wing vestiges since 
there is no reason for assuming that the ancestral larva had 
functional wings. They may, however, be the vestiges of 
wing pads of the nymph of a heterometabolous ancestor. 
Finally, they may be prothetelous, i.e., adult structures 
appearing prematurely in the larva. I shall call them 
provisionally “wing rudiments.” 
In the male larva of the army ant, Eciton (Acamatus) 
schmitti Emery (Fig. 4), these wing rudiments appear as 
short transverse lines (grooves?). They are not present in 
the worker larva of the same species nor are they to be 
found in the worker larva of E. hamatum. A larva of the 
Australian bulldog ant, Myrmecia gulosa Fabr. has short 
(0.045 mm.) transverse lines (slits?). Similar structures 
occur in both worker and male larvae of Cephalotes atratus 
(L.) and also in the larvae of Dorymyrmex pyramicus 
var. flavus McCook. In the sexual larva of Dolichoderus 
(Hypoclinea) taschenbergi Mayr the wing rudiments have 
a complicated internal cuticular structure. I can find no 
evidence of such structures in Cerapachys sp., Paraponera 
clavata Fabr., or Melophorus bagoti Lubbock. 
There is also to be found among ant larvae a third type of 
related structure, namely vestigial gonopods. I have so 
designated them because typically they are paired and 
located on the ventral surface of the seventh, eighth, and 
ninth abdominal segments and only on those segments. 
Gonopods are generally asserted to be the modified appen- 
dages of the eighth, ninth, and tenth abdominal segments, 
but in the larva of Eciton hamatum (Fig. 1) the gonopodal 
imaginal discs are to be found on the seventh, eighth, and 
ninth. 
As a rule these vestigial larval gonopods are short trans- 
verse lines (slits?). Frequently the members of a pair are 
fused to form a single median line. In Pseudomyrma 
arboris-sanctse symbiotica var. loewensohni Forel, however, 
they are subelliptical papillae. In some species one or more 
pairs are apparently lacking, e.g., that of the seventh in 
