4 
Psyche 
[March 
ii, 13) as well as Ichneumonidae, Diptera of at least two families, 
several aegeriid moths, and at least one staphylinid beetle and one 
grasshopper. Members of this complex vary from quite small to some 
of the largest Hymenoptera known : apparently the black and orange 
coloration is effective at several size levels. The females of Pepsis 
and other Pompilidae form the Mullerian center around which the 
many non-stinging members are arrayed as presumably Batesian mim- 
ics (including, of course, the males of these same Pompilidae). This 
complex includes no social wasps that I am aware of. 
The resemblance of argentinica males to those of the unknown 
Chirodamus (on structural features, certainly not on color), led me 
to look into the third “male Amerocnemis ” , longula Banks. This 
larger species was described from the Rio Purus, in western Brazil, 
and we have an excellent series collected at Quincemil, Peru, by Luis 
Pena (Fig. 14). To my satisfaction, I found several specimens of an 
orange-winged Chirodamus taken by Pena at the same time and place 
and showing many structural resemblances to the male longula (Fig. 
12). In this case the female belonged to the same mimetic complex 
as the presumed female of argentinica , but the male was too large 
and too brown to be a possible mimic of the same complex as the male 
argentinica. Flowever, a scanning of the social wasps of this area, 
including those taken by Pena at the same locality, reveals that there 
are several possible models (Fig. 15). 
A more detailed study of the structure of the pompilid wasps in 
question has convinced me that these sex associations are correct and 
that these species properly belong in the widely distributed, protean 
genus Chirodamus (in the sense of Townes, 1957). Having reached 
this decision, it was natural for me to look for other species which 
might also be “dual mimics”. I immediately considered the possibility 
that pentodon Arle, from eastern Brazil, might represent another 
example. This species was actually described in the genus Batozonus , 
but Aide’s excellent figures make it clear that it is a close relative 
of argentinicus. In March, 1966, Henry and Marjorie Townes 
collected a fine series of this species along with tawny-winged females 
belonging to a species which has been called vitreus Fox, and I am 
convinced that this is a third example of dual mimicry, although in 
this case the wing color of the female is less intensely orange than 
in most Pepsis and other aposematically colored spider wasps. I have 
also discovered two additional species, each represented by a single 
male, which belong to this complex. These are described below. 
