8 
Psyche 
[March 
(Fig. 14). Its larger size and quite different coloration indicate 
that it belongs to a different mimetic complex than the male argen- 
tinicus. Luis Pena collected, at the same time and place as a series 
of long, ulus , a long series of Apoica thoracica Buysson, a social vespid 
known to be an aggressive stinger (Fig. 15). The specks of Apoica 
have enlarged ocelli and are nocturnal or crepuscular. It should be 
noted that the ocelli of Chirodamus longulus are also unusually large 
for a pompilid, suggesting that this species, so similar to Apoica 
thoracica in size and coloration, may also be crepuscular. Other 
social Vespidae of similar size and coloration occurring within the 
range of longulus (but presumably diurnal) include Polistes occi- 
pitalis Ducke and Mischocyttarus tomentosus Zikan. These species 
lack the infuscation along the anterior border of the fore wing oc- 
curring in Apoica , and in this respect are more like Chirodamus 
longulus. 
In the case of Chirodamus vitreus , from eastern Brazil, the females 
appear to be imperfect i( Pepsis mimics” since the wings are only 
faintly tinged with orange. It is worth noting that some of the 
species of Priocnemioides occurring here also have the wings either 
weakly suffused with orange or only partially of this color (brasilien- 
sis , coeruleus) ; indeed the wings of P. unifasciatus luteicornis are 
notably darker in eastern Brazil than in Argentina. Perhaps these 
species represent a subcomplex of Mullerian mimics characteristic of 
this area. The male vitreus is basically similar in color to that of 
argentinicus and is doubtless a member of much the same complex, 
centering around certain social wasps. It is of generally darker color 
than argentinicus , some individuals being mostly black, but it should 
be noted that many groups of wasps have species of generally darker 
coloration in this region, e.g., Poecilopompilus costatus (Pompilidae) 
and Polybia sericea (a social vespid). We have a great deal to learn 
about the composition of various mimetic complexes in the neotropics, 
and it seems certain that final clarification will involve across-the- 
board studies of several different families of wasps and, in fact, sev- 
eral orders of insects. 
The two new species described below from males only, imitator 
(from Ecuador) and impensus (from Paraguay) are both large, pale 
wasps, and although the two are not closely related I suggest that 
the model for both may be the large, aggressive social wasp Apoica 
pallida , the range of which includes both countries. The male of 
imitator has enlarged ocelli, like that of longulus and like the species 
of Apoica , so it may well be crepuscular. I predict that the females 
