126 
Psyche 
[June 
on observations of four successful copulations plus a number of un- 
successful copulation attempts. It has not been possible to demon- 
strate the involvement of a volatile female sex pheromone in the 
courtship behavior of this species by the means employed to demon- 
strate such pheromones in other species (Barth, 1964, 1968a). On 
several occasions filter papers which had lined containers of virgin 
females were placed in containers of isolated males. The males 
showed no interest whatever in these papers. 
The first observed mating behavior sequence began when a female, 
wandering into the male side of the mating chamber shortly after 
the removal of the partition, accidentally bumped into a quiescent 
male. The two faced each other and engaged in a prolonged period 
of antennal fencing. This antennal fencing is slower and much less 
vigorous than that associated with aggressive behavior sequences be- 
tween males. The female repeatedly stroked in a gentle manner the 
body of the male with her antennae. The male remained motionless 
during this period except for antennal movements. After about two 
minutes he became aroused and began walking around the female 
with his body held somewhat off the substratum and his head and 
thorax raised upwards (rather than downwards as in aggreessive 
encounters), hissing repeatedly and stroking the female’s body with 
his antennae. Individual hisses and the intervals between them were 
of approximately the same duration, the frequency of hissing being 
slightly less than one per second. The hissing associated with court- 
ship is much softer than that associated with aggression or alarm 
but the characteristic odor associated with hissing is qualitatively 
the same to human olfactory receptors in all three cases. The ab- 
dominal compression associated with hissing forces an extension of 
the abdomen exposing the intersegmental membranes. The abdomen 
is flicked upwards, most noticeably at the tip, with each extension 
movement. 
After about one minute of this behavior, the male depressed his 
extended abdomen so that the terminal sternites were pressed against 
the substratum. Both animals turned somewhat so that their ab- 
domens came into contact. The male, while maintaining abdominal 
contact with the female, slid the tip of his abdomen along the side 
of her abdomen until their tips were directly opposed. Then he at- 
tempted to make connection with the female’s genitalia by backing 
vigorously against her, maneuvering his abdomen somewhat from 
side to side in order to maintain the tip to tip abdominal contact. 
During this backing movement, the relatively short phallomeres of 
the male were protruded rhythmically. Connection was achieved 
