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emerge. Only five of more than 40 pupae observed in nature had 
males hanging under them. All five of these pupae were females, 
and four of them produced adults within one day (the average 
pupal life is about four days). The fifth died. Males often mounted 
young or male pupae again and again only to climb off each time, 
but seldom dismounted from mature female pupae. Males also con- 
sistently ignored some unsuitable pupae but repeatedly touched and 
mounted other unsuitable pupae nearby. 
There was brisk competition among males for suitable pupae. 
Males flying near a male hanging under a pupa often bumped 
against the resident male as they flew by; three extended fights over 
pupae were observed; and an additional male was found hanging on 
the back of a newly emerged female which was mating with another 
male. In each of two fights observed from the beginning, one male 
