364 
Psyche 
[September 
was hanging immobile under a pupa and a second male approached, 
bumped against the resident male, and clung to the pupa. Both 
males held the pupa or the pupal thread with their front and middle 
legs, and buzzed their wings and pushed each other with their hind 
legs and abdomens. Each male appeared to be attempting to dislodge 
the other. Two of the fights ended when both males fell from the 
pupa, separated, and flew away; the other ended when the intruder, 
which was smaller than the resident, left. 
Although combatants left the pupa when they were dislodged, they 
sometimes remained in the vicinity. One defeated male rested on a 
leaf about one meter from the pupa for about a minute, then hung 
under a pupa about 20 cm from the first. Another contested pupa 
was revisited within 15 minutes by a male of the same size and color 
pattern as one of the contestants. After another suspected fight (two 
males flew from the vicinity of a single pupa as I approached), males 
of the same sizes and color patterns as the fleeing males reappeared 
within 15 minutes, and one of them spent more than an hour flying 
in the vicinity in an apparent search for the pupa. This pupa was 
in a spot particularly difficult for a male flying in normal searching 
patterns to reach. 
Mating 
Complete mating sequences were observed twice, once in nature 
when a waiting male mated with a female emerging from her pupal 
skin, and once in captivity when both animals were flying in a cage. 
In the first case, the female’s thorax and head (the lowest parts of 
her body) were cradled against the ventral surfaces of the male’s 
thorax and coxae as she emerged from her pupal skin, and he main- 
tained this contact by lowering his body as she emerged. As she 
came free from the skin, the female drew her legs free from the 
pupal cuticle, then extended them perpendicular to her body axis 
just as other emerging adults did (below). However, in contrast 
to others, her abdomen came completely free from the pupal cuticle 
very quickly, and for a moment she lay just above the male, their 
bodies both horizontal. Almost immediately he curled the tip of his 
abdomen over the tip of hers (he had curled his over the tips of 
her wings twice before her abdomen emerged) and pressed it against 
the ventral surface of the tip of her abdomen, then lowered his 
abdomen until they were both nearly vertical, and gently turned 
her 180 0 on her longitudinal axis with his legs. This brought her 
legs against his legs and the pupal skin, and she clung to them weakly. 
Both animals remained nearly motionless in this position (Fig. 2) 
