1970] 
Eberhard — Fungus Gnats 
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appeared along the dorsal and lateral midlines of more posterior 
segments (Fig. 5 a-d). About 40 minutes before the transformation 
to pupal body-form occurred, the posterior tip of the larva’s body 
began to darken and shrink in circumference (Fig. 5 a-d). 
The transformation to the pupal body-form took only about five 
minutes. It was observed twice in nature and twice in captivity. 
Contractions of muscles in segments posterior to segment 3 accom- 
panied the transformation. In two cases there were preliminary con- 
tractions causing the body to arch away from the log. Then, in all 
cases, powerful peristaltic contractions in the posterior end of the 
body caused it to thin, straighten, and lengthen. These were pre- 
sumably contractions of circular muscles, and, like the contractions 
following collar construction, probably served to increase the internal 
fluid pressure and cause the cuticle to give in weaker places and 
expand into the form of a pupa. 
Almost immediately after the contractions began, segments 1 and 
2 swelled even more and the head capsule disappeared within them. 
After less than a minute, the anterior end suddenly assumed a new 
shape, with two small “horns” (which would house parts of the 
antennae) protruding (Fig. 5 g). About one minute later the cuticle 
just anterior to the last two and one half segments began to appear 
loose, and wrinkled during each contraction. Suddenly the rest of 
the body broke away from these segments, and they were left stuck 
to the pupal line while the new posterior end of the animal hung 
free (Fig. 5 1 ). The contractions continued, and the new tip ex- 
tended straight behind the body during each contraction (Fig. 5 m). 
After another two minutes, the contractions had shifted the whole 
animal forward so that the new posterior tip could no longer touch 
the discarded segments. The contractions were substantially weaker 
by six minutes after the beginning of the transformation, and the 
new posterior tip no longer extended straight behind during each 
contraction but hung below the line in the characteristic pupal atti- 
tude (Fig. 5 q). The contractions continued for several more 
minutes, but rapidly became weaker and more infrequent, and soon 
the new pupa hung motionless. 
Emergence of the adult 
The pupa dried within a few hours after pupation and remained 
motionless until an adult emerged about four days later. The pupal 
lives of five individuals kept in captivity at room temperature lasted 
from three and one half to five days (±6 hours). 
The complete process of emergence from the pupal skin was 
