124 Psyche [June 
Fig. 1. Orientation of laboratory-reared, summer, non-migrants in an opaque 
periphery cage on a clear day. 0’s lie close to the sun azimuth line throughout the 
course of the test. 
TIME OF DAY IN HOURS (EST) 
Fig. 2. Random mean orientation of summer, laboratory-reared monarchs in 
opaque periphery cages on an overcast day. 
(Raleigh Test, P ^ .05). Thus, caged non-migrant Monarchs re- 
sponded to the sun as an orientation cue. Two tests under sun- 
visible and no-sun-visible conditions using wild-caught summer, 
non-migrants, paralleled the results with laboratory-reared animals: 
wild-caught non-migrants, sun-oriented on clear days but oriented 
randomly on overcast days. However, if summer Monarch followed 
the azimuth of the sun, their daily movement would be to the south. 
Such a movement is inconsistent with the random wandering ob- 
served for summer non-migrants (Urquhart, 1960). Therefore, the 
sun orientation of summer non-migrant Monarchs in opaque cages 
