1977] 
Shapiro — Reliquia phenotypes 
189 
some of these adults would have been from diapause pupae if there 
are any such. We know from the experiment what non-diapause 
animals look like. 
The dark-veined phenotype is undoubtedly optimal at all sea- 
sons at Cambirumeina. In the two dry seasons the normal weather 
is clear in the morning and foggy in the afternoon. Night tempera- 
tures drop below freezing; before the fog asserts itself the tempera- 
ture may climb to 18° C, but then it drops to 5-7° C and remains 
there until after nightfall, when clearing occurs. During my stay 
fog set in from 1000 to 1400 hours on different days, i.e. from 2 
to 6 hours after the initiation of flight activity. This was at the 
sunniest time of the year; during the rainy seasons the temperature 
probably hovers between 2° and 6° C most of the time, and sun- 
shine occurs only fleetingly. The R. santamarta phenotype is of 
a sort known to be thermoregulatorily used by Nearctic Pierines 
(Shapiro, 1975c, 1976a) and the behavior of R. santamarta afield 
precisely matches theirs (Shapiro, 1977). Pieris occidentalis “ca- 
lyce” Edwards in the Colorado front range has the same kind of 
weather during its flight season in August and matches R. santa- 
marta in pattern, almost scale for scale. However, it retains a latent 
polyphenism (Shapiro, 1974, 1976b). 
It is, of course, possible that the phenotype of R. santamarta is 
merely convergent to Pieris, and that no polyphenism has ever 
existed in its ancestry. If this is the case, the phytogeny of the 
Pierini is more confused than ever, and R. santamarta has no 
known close relatives. 
Summary 
Reliquia santamarta is a multivoltine Pierine butterfly from above 3500 m in the 
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, latitude 10°44' N. Its single natural 
phenotype is extremely similar to the high-altitude and -latitude members of the 
Holarctic Pieris callidiee complex. When reared on continuous light at 26.5° ± 
2°C, R. santamarta produced only its usual dark-veined, presumably thermoregu- 
latory phenotype. In this regard it differs from all previously tested, Holarctic 
Pierines, which display latent polyphenism attributable to their evolution from 
multivoltine, phenotypically plastic ancestors. The seeming lack of a latent po- 
lyphenism in R. santamarta casts doubt on the close affinity of that animal to the 
P. callidiee complex. Its relationships remain important for understanding the 
biogeography of the unusual endemic group of Andean Pierini. 
