1974] 
M oglich <o Holldobler — Nest Moving of Ants 
227 
Fig. 5. If the difference of size between workers and queens becomes 
too large, queens are either pulled or led along a short odor trail to the 
target area. This is the case in young colonies of Camponotus pennsyl- 
vanicus. 
old nest under less than optimal conditions while at the same time 
providing a new nest nearby with optimal conditions. Soon a scout 
discovers the new nest, and after a short inspection returns to the 
old nest. Usually it runs 2-3 times back and forth between the old 
and new nest, before beginning to recruit nestmates to the new site. 
Our intention was to identify and follow all individual workers of 
an entire colony throughout the experimental procedures. In order 
to do this we marked the ants individually by applying spots of one 
or the other of four colors at one or more of four pre-selected posi- 
tions on the body. In this way we were able to recognize up to 256 
workers individually. With each of our test colonies we conducted 
20 nest-moving experiments over a period of about 2 months, before 
the entire colony was killed and each worker subsequently dissected. 
During the nest emigrations we recorded the following parameters 
in particular : 1 ) How often a worker was carried or led by tandem 
running, respectively, during all nest movings; 2) How often a 
worker functioned as a carrier or leader, respectively, during one 
nest-moving episode and throughout the entire experimental period 
of 20 movings. 3) We also distinguished between the recruitment 
intensity and the continuity of the recruitment activity of workers. 
