56 
Psyche 
[June 
dimorphic and Wheeler later added the concept that there 
is no normal, winged female in this subgenus, her place 
being taken by a fertile major worker. The point in these 
distinctions is that they give a certain degree of separation 
from Myrmaphaenus, where at least some of the species 
are known to possess a polymorphic worker caste and a 
normal winged female. 
It should be clear that the data presented in this paper 
destroys the subgenus Manniella as defined by Emery in 
1925 and emended by Wheeler in 1934. For, if ulcerosus 
is retained in Manniella, as is quite possible since some of 
its major workers are far more heavily ulcerated than 
those of any other species in the subgenus, then it follows 
that Manniella must be expanded to include a species with 
a polymorphic worker caste and a normal female. Con- 
versely if ulcerosus is transferred to Myrmaphaenus, where 
it fits on every count except the ulcerate major, then this 
same ulcerate major breaks down the one certain distinc- 
tion between the two subgenera. It may be argued that the 
transitional character of ulcerosus defeats any attempt to 
separate Myrmaphaenus and Manniella and this is true 
as long as the separation is based on the presence or absence 
of ulcers on the cheeks of the major worker. But, as I have 
already pointed out, the separation need not be made on 
this basis. If the definitive subgeneric characteristic of 
Manniella is made the configuration of the frontal lobes of 
the major and not the ulceration of its cheeks, then a good 
separation can be secured. It is true that this procedure 
limits the representation in Manniella to the species sphae- 
ricus and that ulcerosus, linnaei and championi must be 
shifted to Myrmaphaenus as a result. But this transfer can 
do no damage to a subgenus whose constitution is already a 
monument of heterogeneity. Moreover, this method seems 
to be the only one which will preserve Manniella . I believe 
that there is a distinct advantage in maintaining Manniella, 
for sphaericus is a very singular species and if Manniella 
is fused with Myrmaphaenus there is every reason to ex- 
pect that it will have to be resuscitated at a later date. I 
also feel fairly sure that it will be necessary in the future 
to set up a new subgenus to receive ulcerosus. I have not 
