282 
Psyche 
[September 
experiments temperature and wind speed were measured with record- 
ing equipment. This study is still in progress. Most observations 
were made of Gothic, Black Mesa, Table Mesa and Los Pinos 
Pass populations from 1961 to the present 
Observations were also made on wild-caught and reared grass- 
hoppers kept in a variety of cages. The most successful cage con- 
sisted of a simple plastic plant tray 8" X 12" filled with sand with 
wire screening over the 'top to form a. “quonset”. Two removable 
solid wooden semi-circles formed the ends. Young shoots of blue 
grass, rye grass, and dandelions were provided for food during the 
seasons when wild grasses were unavailable. A 60 or ioow bulb 
provided heat and light which attracted the grasshoppers into a 
closely interacting group. 
Movements were recorded with a Camex 8 mm. reflex camera 
run at 16 and 32 frames per second, while sounds were recorded 
with a Nagra III tape system and an AKG condenser microphone 
(C60 with B60 power supply) equipped with a 24 inch parabolic 
reflector (Torngren Co.) for field recording from distances over 
2 feet. Recordings were made in the laboratory without the parabola 
and, recently, with a Sennheiser 804 condenser microphone. Fre- 
quency response was checked with the 4000 Hz calibration tone 
of the Nagra. The movie film was Kodachrome II and the audio- 
tape was Scotch 138. The audiospectrograms were produced on a 
Kay Electric Co. Model 675 Missile Data-Reduction Spectrograph 
(Missilyzer) . The overall sound range of each audiospectrogram 
illustrated in this report was calibrated at the time of transfer to 
the spectrographic paper with a calibrated precision sine-square wave 
generator (model E-310). We also cross-checked the recorded 
calibration tones of the Nagra and 'the generator. We measured the 
overall amplitude of the sounds directly from the insect with a 
model 1551C sound level meter (General Radio Co.). The be- 
havioral vocabulary is derived from Willey & Willey (1964), R. 
Alexander (1967), and Otte (1968). 
OBSERVATIONS 
Solitary behavior 
Males tend to be more active than females. They wander over 
the ground for distances up to 6 feet in a random path more or less 
determined by the microtopography. The manner of walking in 
males is a spurt of several complete leg movement sequences sepa- 
