290 
Psyche 
[September 
suddenly oriented to her right side and chirped four times. She 
turned to face him and they exchanged antennal contact. She walked 
past him, circled clockwise and paused with her rear toward him. 
He ran to her front and mounted on her head. He then turned 
into the proper position on the female and copulated. The pair 
was in copulo for 23 minutes. This male seemed disoriented at first, 
and probably was not in full courting condition even though the 
female accepted him. However, the female seemed to be in a state 
of high receptivity and may have been soliciting courtship herself. 
After uncoupling from the male, females often accept courtship 
and mounting by other males, but copulation has never succeeded 
during our observations, probably because the genital orifice is 
obstructed by the spermatophore. Under such conditions they dis- 
mount after fifteen seconds or so. Males, after they have copulated, 
are not usually responsive to females for 15 to 20 minutes but few 
males have been carefully observed in this condition. Unresponsive 
females show their lack of receptivity by ( 1 ) keeping closed the 
subgenital plate with no further evidence of resistance, (2) lowering 
the wings over the genitalia, (3) raising the hind femora until they 
point forward above the head with the tibiae stretched out above 
the horizontal plane and slowly waving the tibiae up and down, 
sometimes increasing the frequency and decreasing the amplitude 
until the femora are vertical and tibiae flexed, (4) kicking the male 
off, (5) running away and (6) flying away. It is striking how 
effectively the tibial waving turns off the courtship. In the field 
(1963) we observed one persistent male who Was kicked off vigor- 
ously by a female. He returned to court again and oriented in the 
premounting position at the rear of the female. But when she waved 
the hind tibiae, he backed off and ran in another direction, chirping 
about four times as he went. It is possible that this is a. learned 
response, for we have viewed many such encounters in the laboratory 
among naive or previously deprived males. 
Male-Male Interaction 
When males meet on the ground, after crepitating toward one 
another or during their ground level wandering, they pause at 
distances up to two feet apart and orient by one facing the other 
in an alert pose. They then crepitate, hop, spurt- run or walk to 
close proximity of each other. The approach is sometimes accompanied 
by chirping. Usually one (A) orients perpendicular to the side of 
the thorax of the other (B), and touches it with the antennal tips. 
Then (B) responds with a flutter-rasp (Fig. 9) with one or both 
