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studying the diverse parameters of this behavior using visual and 
acoustic models. 
DISCUSSION 
Few thorough studies have been published concerning the behavior 
of oedipodine grasshoppers, whereas their close relatives, the Acri- 
dinae, have received more attention. Faber in 1936 and 1953 
documented the behavioral repertoire of about a dozen European 
oedipodines with verbal descriptions but could not present oscillo- 
graphic nor audiospectrographic displays. The most extensive study 
to date (Otte, 1968, 1969) has surveyed the social interaction of 
nearly 100 North American species of oedipodines and acridines, 
including six species of Arphia. However, A. conspersa was not 
described in detail. Other workers have analysed many aspects of 
the biology of the plague band-wing, Locusta migratoria and several 
species of the acridines Chorthippus and Gomphocerus (Faber, 1953; 
Haskell, 1962; Huber, 1963; and Perdeck, 1957). 
R. Alexander (1967) lists nine functional categories of arthropod 
acoustical signals (other types of signals also could be so classified) 
as follows: 
1) Disturbance and alarm (predator-repelling and conspecific 
alarming) signals. 
2) Calling (pair-forming and aggregating) signals. 
3) Aggressive (rival-separating and dominance-establishing) 
signals. 
4) Courtship (insemination-timing and insemination-facilitating 
signals) . 
5) Courtship interruption (pair-reforming?) signals. 
6) Copulatory (insemination-facilitating and pair-maintaining 
signals) . 
7) Post-copulatory or intercopulatory (pair-maintaining) signals. 
8) Recognition (pair- and family-maintaining) signals (limited 
to subsocial and social species). 
9) Food and nest site directives (limited to social species). 
In Arphia conspersa only the first six categories have been observed 
and visual-acoustic signals are dominant in all but the sixth (copu- 
latory) which is primarily tactile, perhaps with some contact 
pheromone stimuli. Fig. 7 shows a schema for courtship interaction 
from the flight crepitation sounds of chance encounter (onset of pair 
formation) through orientation, courtship chirps, to copulation. 
Added to these signals are the prevention of aggression signals 
(flutter-rasp), secondary calling signals or pair-reforming signals 
