1973] 
McCluskey — Generic Diversity 
297 
Scoring an X in the leftmost column of Fig. i as “i”, next to the 
left (“night”) as “2”, and finally the rightmost column as “5”, 
permits an analysis-of-variance comparison of the variation within 
a genus with the variation between the genera : 
ss 
df 
ms 
F 
P< 
among genera 
66.1 
4 
16.5 
16.5 
.001 
within genera 
36.9 
37 
1.0 
Thus the likeness within genera is greater than that between genera. 
A different type of analysis confirms this conclusion. The “none” 
aboveground activity was now omitted, since that is not really a time 
character (thus eliminating Acanthomyops and some Lasius species) ; 
the “night” species were arbitrarily considered as (out until) 5 AM, 
“sunrise” 7 AM, “morning” 10 AM and “midday” 1 PM. These 
hours were treated as angles of a circular distribution, and the mean 
angles of the different samples (genera) were compared by Watson 
Fig. 1. Worker surface activity (limited mainly to summer records, for 
most direct comparison of species). Each X represents one species and 
shows its nearest approach to midday; those based on the most limited 
cited records are enclosed in (). The leftmost column “NONE” indicates 
that the species does not usually come above ground at all. Following are 
species and literature sources represented: FORMICA : bradleyi (Wheeler 
and Wheeler 1963), dakotensis (Talbot 1971), exsectoides (Andrews 1927, 
1929; McCook 1877), fusca (Morisita 1939), fusca lemani (Brian 1955), 
lasioides (Wheeler and Wheeler 1970), neogagates (Talbot 1953), ob- 
scuripes (Weber 1935), pallidefulva nitidwentris (Talbot 1946, 1953, 1965), 
polyctena (Bruns 1954; Chauvin 1965a, b), pratensis (Stebaev 1971; Stebaev 
and Reznikova 1972), Sibylla (Wheeler 1917), subintegra (Talbot and 
Kennedy 1940), subnitens (Ayre 1958, 1959), subpilosa (Stebaev 1971; 
Stebaev and Reznikova 1972), subpolita (Mallis 1941), ulkei (Holmquist 
1928). LASIUS: emarginatus (Tohme 1969), flavus (Bernard 1968; Odum 
and Pontin 1961; Talbot 1965; Wilson 1955), fuliginosus (Wilson 1955), 
minutus (Kannowski 1959b; Talbot 1965), neoniger (Talbot 1946, 1953, 
1965) , niger (Eidmann 1926; Morisita 1939), sitiens (Wilson 1955), 
sitkacnsis (now pallitarsis ) (Talbot 1965; Wilson 1955), speculiventris 
(Talbot 1965), umbratus (Starcke 1937; Talbot 1965; Wilson 1955). 
ACANTHOMYOPS : claviger, interjectus , latipes, and murphyi (Talbot 
1963; Wheeler and Wheeler 1963). MYRMECOCYSTUS: lugubris (Cole 
1966) , mclliger orbiceps (now placodops) (Wheeler 1908b), mexicanus 
(Cole 1966; LaRivers 1968), mexicanus hortideorum (McCook 1882), 
mimicus (Cazier and Statham 1962; Leonard 1911), mojave (Cole 1966; 
LaRivers 1968; Leonard 1911), pyramicus (Smith 1951), wheeleri (Snelling 
1971). CATAGLYPHIS: albicans (Delye 1968), albicans viaticoides 
(Tohme 1969), altisquamis (Tohme 1969), bicolor (Delye 1968; Pickles 
1944; Tohme 1969; Wehner and Duelli 1971), bicolor setipes (Gupta 1970), 
bombycina (Delye 1968), frigida (Tohme 1969), lucasi (Baroni Urbani 1969; 
Delye 1964). An annotated table giving the details of support for Figs. 1 
and 2 is available from the author. 
