168 
Psyche 
[September 
Latter 1 mentions that A. pallipes is abundant in England, 
and “make their nests in firm banks of sand or clay, if not 
too wet ; their burrows do not extend very deep and contain 
one or more cells whose outer wall is made very hard, by a 
cement of sand or clay applied by the female bee after she 
has completed the commissariat arrangements.” We assume 
that A. pallipes does not build turrets at the opening of 
their nests, for if they do so, it is quite unlikely that so keen 
an observer would have failed to mention the fact. The 
same gregarious condition that has been recorded for other 
species of Anthophora exists in this species, for the author 
goes on to say that numbers of Anthophora live in the same 
bank, and on a warm April morning the scene at such a 
spot is most lively ; females are to be seen entering or leav- 
ing the burrows intent on business or possibly engaged in 
a headlong flirtation with males in front of the bank. 
Bouvier 2 calls attention to a most interesting point in the 
behavior of Anthophora wherein a species with solitary 
habits assumes under certain circumstances an attitude or- 
dinarily displayed by social bees, or we might say a step in 
the evolution from a solitary to a social state. He says that 
when it is necessary to struggle for the common defense, 
the European Anthophora of the walls becomes singularly 
aggressive. “Established in sandy, argillaceous soil which 
it perforates with tubular galleries, this bee comes out in 
war-like swarms every time one approaches the colonies. 
Buttel-Reepen relates the misadventure of an entomologist 
who was pursued a long time by one of these swarms after 
a badly executed swing of his net; and Friese reports that 
he himself was attacked for having tried to collect on the 
walls of a barn where thousands of Anthophora had their 
nests.” 
These European Anthophora have, according to this, pro- 
gressed in their behavior further toward socialization than 
the American A. abrupta and A. raui. Here at various times 
I sat among their nests for days at a time, and these bees 
did not at any time show a concerted attack, as described 
1 Bees and Wasps, p. 74. 1913. 
2 Psychic Life of Insects, p. 317. 1922. 
