318 
Psyche 
[December 
Africa: Upper Volta River, off horse (E. Roubaud). Abys- 
sinia: Darai, Harar Province (Barnum Brown). Zanzi- 
bar: (W. M. Aders). Portuguese East Africa: Lourenzo 
Marques (C. W. Howard). Mauritius (D. de Charmoy). 
Madagascar: Tananarive (Lamberton) ; Mandritsara (F. 
R. Wulsin). India: Sohawa, Shilum (H. E. Cross); Cal- 
cutta. Southern Arabia: Aden, common on oxen, May 9, 
1927 (J. Bequaert). Philippines: Alabang (M. B. Mitz- 
main). 
Distribution. — H. maculata is at present found over a 
very large area, but much of this is undoubtedly due to 
accidental introduction by man. In the Oriental Region, 
it is known from Persia, India, Ceylon, the Sunda Islands, 
and the Philippines. It also occurs in Arabia. In Africa 
it is very widely distributed, although much more common 
in the eastern parts than in the West and the South. There 
are records from Egypt, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Eri- 
trea, Abyssinia, the French Sudan, Sierra Leone, French 
Guinea, the Gold Coast, Northern and Southern Nigeria, 
northern Cameroon, French Equatorial Africa, Uganda, 
the Belgian Congo, Kenya Colony, Somaliland, Zanzibar, 
Portuguese East Africa, Transvaal, Madagascar, Mauri- 
tius and the Seychelles. It has not been reported from 
northwestern Africa nor from south of the Orange River, 
so that it appears to be mainly a tropical insect. 
Hosts. — Nowadays H. maculata occurs most commonly 
on domestic cattle and equines (horses, donkeys and 
mules), sometimes also on camels. There are no reliable 
records of its having been found on wild animals. The 
specimens taken by Neave in the Luangwa Valley, Rhodesia, 
off a waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus Ogilby, and which 
he listed as H. maculata (1911, Bull. Ent. Res., I, 4, p. 313), 
were evidently part of the material on which H. hirsuta 
Austen was based. According to Austen (1909) H. macu- 
lata occasionally bites man. 
The decided preference of H. maculata for cattle makes 
it extremely probable that it was originally a specific para- 
site of one of the wild ancestors of this domestic animal. 
The origin of the domestic races of cattle has given rise 
