1971] 
Powell & Burns — Palearctic Moths 
45 
common on a privet hedge (Klots 1941). Ford (1949), citing 
Wakely, also listed ivy ( Hedera helix) and apple ( Pyrus malus ) as 
foodplants in England. According to Kennel (after Disque) and 
Ford, larvae begin eating in summer, overwinter, and then complete 
their growth in spring, pupating in June; and adults fly in June 
and July. American records of adults range from May 30 to July 22, 
with most occurring between June 19 and July 5. 
Material examined. — Connecticut: Middlesex Co., Middle- 
town, 1 cf VII-18-63 (J. M. Burns). NEW YORK: Nassau Co., 
Sea Cliff, 1 1 cf , 7? VII-5-66 (A. Diakonoff and J. Powell) ; Valley 
Stream, 5cf VII-1-39 (A. G. Richards, Jr.). Westchester Co., 
Pelham, 1 cf VII-17-50, 1$ VII-2-53, 36 cf, 18$ V-30 to VII-22-54, 
icf VI-23-56, icf VI-f-59 (A. B. Klots). 
Discussion 
Sporadic data indicate that, subsequent to their initial discovery 
on Long Island, New York, in the 1930’s, Croesia forskaleana and 
Clepsis unifasciana reached the adjacent mainland and spread con- 
siderably. Indeed, Croesia forskaleana not only fanned out in all 
possible directions on the mainland but also apparently jumped from 
Long Island to Martha’s Vineyard, an island in Massachusetts about 
60 miles eastnortheast of Long Island. This jump is not surprising 
because it is known that major air masses often move up the Atlantic 
Coast; that various southern species of Lepidoptera have, at one 
time and another, briefly attained Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket; 
and that many moths have permanently settled these islands without 
human assistance (Jones and Kimball 1943). 
Although both immigrant tortricids are thriving in some places, 
Croesia forskaleana seems to be the better colonizer (cf. figs. 5 
and 6). It may have had a head start: our earliest record of it 
(1932) precedes the earliest record of Clepsis unifasciana (1939) 
by seven years. On the mainland, Croesia forskaleana was collected 
first just north of New York City in 1938. In 1950 both species 
were taken in that area at Pelham — the only mainland locality 
being sampled even intermittently at that time — and in 1954 both 
were extremely common there. Both moths are univoltine; and, to 
judge from their broad Palearctic ranges, both (especially Clepsis 
unifasciana ) must be ecologically tolerant at temperate latitudes. 
Croesia forskaleana is a maple (Acer) eater and Clepsis unifasciana 
is (at least primarily) a privet ( Ligustrum ) eater. Foodplant 
availability, then, should not notably delay the northeastern invasion 
of either species. Yet, on an average, the maple-eating Croesia 
