1971] 
Hlavac — A ntenna Cleaner 
57 
Grade A: Cicindelini, 'Carabini* (in part), Cychrini*, Opisthiini*, 
Enceladini 
Grade B: Trachypachidini*, Omophronini, Notiophilini*, Ela- 
phrini, Loricerini, Promecognathini 1 **, Siagonini**, 
Migadopini, Hiletini*, Nomiini, Psydrini, Merizo- 
dini**, Bembidiini, Pogonini, Carabini (only Pam- 
borus*) , Ozaenini (only Metrius ** and Mystropo- 
mus **) 
Grade C: Members of 40 other tribes. 
^denotes groups with open procoxal cavities, and ** forms with advanced 
grade B configurations. 
Table 1. Distribution of grade A and B antenna cleaners within 
the Carabidae. 
The distribution of antenna cleaner grades within the Carabidae, 
is given in Table 1. Each grade is characterized more fully below. 
The setal band in grade A is almost entirely horizontal and 
situated very close to the distal rim of the tibia. In some forms 
( Opisthius, Figs. 6, 7; Cicindela ) there is almost no confluent region 
between the anterior row and a vertical section of the band, while 
in others ( Carabus , Figs. 8, 9, Nebria) there is very small con- 
fluent zone. 
The gross shape of the tibia is only slightly modified for antenna 
cleaning. The proximal region is slender; distally it is broadened 
(Figs. 2, 8). The medial face bears a slight concavity or antennal 
channel that extends up the length of the tibia far above the setal 
band. In some grade A forms, e.g., Carabus (Figs. 2, 9), the 
anterior row is dense distally and is a cleaning element while the 
posterior row consists of a few widely spaced setae and is not a part 
of the cleaning system. In others, e.g., Enceladus , Cicindela , Sca- 
phinotus, and Opisthius (Figs. 6, 7), both the anterior and posterior 
rows are modified distally into triangular cleaning tufts, many setae 
wide, that may obscure portions of the setal band. Proximally, the 
setae of each row are widely spaced and in a single file. 
Grade B configurations are variable. Hiletus (Figs. 10, 11) and 
Mystropomus (Figs. 24, 25) represent the least and most modified 
extremes respectively. It is likely that if more forms were examined, 
the gap between grades B and C would be quite small. 
The setal band ranges from 26-58 per cent of the length of the 
tibia and is divisible into a straight distal, confluent region and a 
proximal sinuous portion that cleans the antenna. The vertical con- 
